Una Ordenanza para el Gobierno del Territorio de los
Estados Unidos al Noroeste del río Ohio.
Sea ordenado por los Estados Unidos reunidos en
Congreso, que el citado territorio, a los efectos de gobierno provisional, sea
un distrito, sujeto, sin embargo, a división en dos distritos que las
circunstancias futuras pueden, en opinión del Congreso, hacer oportuno.
Sea ordenado por la autoridad antedicha que los
estados, tanto de residentes como de no residentes propietarios de dicho
territorio que mueran sin testar, deberán descender a y se distribuirá entre
los hijos y los descendientes de un hijo fallecido, en partes iguales; los
descendientes de un hijo fallecido o nieto tomarán la parte de su padre
fallecido en partes iguales entre ellos: Y donde no habrá hijos o
descendientes, a continuación, en partes iguales a los familiares en el mismo
grado; y entre los colaterales, los hijos de un hermano fallecido o hermana del
intestado tendrán, en partes iguales entre ellos, la parte correspondiente a
sus difuntos padres; y no habrá en ningún caso una distinción entre parientes
de la totalidad y la mitad de la sangre; salvo, en todos los casos, a la viuda
del intestado su tercera parte de las propiedades en vida, y una tercera parte
del patrimonio personal; y esta ley en relación con descensos y la dote
permanecerá en pleno vigor hasta que sean modificadas por la legislatura del
distrito. Y hasta que el gobernador y los jueces dictarán leyes como más
adelante se menciona, las fincas en dicho territorio pueden idear o legar por
testamento por escrito, firmado y sellado por él o ella en el que el patrimonio
puede ser (siendo mayor de edad) sancionados por tres testigos; y los bienes inmuebles
pueden ser transferidos por arrendamiento y liberación, o compra-venta,
firmada, sellada y entregado por la persona que es mayor de edad, en los que la
finca puede ser, y sancionado por dos testigos, siempre que tales voluntades sean
debidamente probadas, y dichos bienes transferidos sean reconocidas, o la
ejecución del mismo debidamente probadas, y se registrarán dentro de un año
después ante magistrados propios, cuyos tribunales y registros serán designados
para tal fin; y la propiedad personal podrá ser transferida por entrega; excepto,
sin embargo, para los habitantes del Canadá Francés y otros pobladores de los
valles Kaskaskies, San Vicente y las aldeas vecinas que han profesado hasta
ahora a sí mismos ser ciudadanos de Virginia, a sus leyes y costumbres
actualmente en vigor entre ellos, en relación con el legado y transferencia de
la propiedad.
Sea ordenado por la autoridad antedicha, que se
nombrará ocasionalmente por el Congreso un gobernador, cuyo mandato continuará
en vigor por el término de tres años, a no ser revocado antes por el Congreso;
Deberá residir en el distrito, y tener una finca de dominio absoluto en el
mismo de 1000 acres de tierra mientras dure el ejercicio de su cargo.
Se nombrarán ocasionalmente por el Congreso un
secretario, cuyo mandato continuará en vigor durante cuatro años menos que sea
revocada antes; Deberá residir en el distrito, y tener una finca de dominio
absoluto en el mismo de 500 acres de tierra mientras dure en el ejercicio de su
cargo. Será su deber mantener y preservar los actos y las leyes aprobadas por
la legislatura, y los registros públicos de la comarca, así como las actas del
gobernador en su departamento ejecutivo, y enviará copias auténticas de estos
actos y procedimientos cada seis meses a la Secretaría del Congreso: Deberá
también ser designado un tribunal formado por tres jueces, dos de los cuales formarán
un tribunal, que tendrá una jurisdicción de derecho común, y residir en el
distrito, y tener cada uno una finca de dominio absoluto de 500 acres de
tierra, mientras dure en el ejercicio de sus cargos; y sus mandatos continuarán
vigentes mientras dure su buena conducta.
El gobernador y los jueces, o la mayoría de ellos, adoptarán
y publicarán en el distrito dichas leyes de los estados originales, civiles y
penales, que sean necesarias y que mejor se adapten a las circunstancias de la
comarca, e informar al Congreso ocasionalmente: que las leyes deben estar en
vigor en el distrito hasta la organización de la Asamblea General en el mismo,
a menos que este sea censurado por el Congreso; pero después la Legislatura
tendrá autoridad para alterarlas según lo considere conveniente.
El gobernador, por el momento, será comandante en
jefe de la milicia, y nombrará a todos los funcionarios de mando de la misma
por debajo del rango de los oficiales generales; todos los oficiales generales
serán nombrados y comisionados por el Congreso.
Anterior a la organización de la Asamblea General,
el gobernador nombrará dichos magistrados y otros funcionarios públicos en cada
condado o municipio a medida que lo encuentre necesario para la preservación de
la paz y el orden en el mismo: Después será organizada la Asamblea General, los
poderes y deberes de los magistrados y otros funcionarios civiles serán
regulados y definidos por dicho organismo; pero todos los magistrados y demás
funcionarios públicos que en este documento no indique lo contrario, elegidos
durante la continuación de este gobierno provisional, serán nombrados por el
gobernador.
Para la prevención de delitos y lesiones, las leyes
que se adopten o puestos tendrán fuerza en todas partes del distrito, y para la
ejecución del proceso, penal y civil, el gobernador harán divisiones adecuadas
de los mismos; y procederá ocasionalmente y si las circunstancias lo requieran
a diseñar las partes del distrito en el que se han extinguido los títulos
indígenas, en los condados y los municipios; sujeto, sin embargo, a las
modificaciones que posteriormente sean hechas por la legislatura.
Tan pronto como hubiera cinco mil habitantes libres
masculinos mayores de edad en el distrito, al dar la prueba correspondiente al gobernador,
recibirán autoridad con tiempo y el lugar, para elegir a un representante de
los condados o municipios para que los represente en la Asamblea General:
Siempre que, por cada quinientos habitantes libres masculinos habrá un solo
representante, y así sucesiva y progresivamente con el número de habitantes
masculinos libres tendrán el derecho de aumentar la representación, hasta que
el número de representantes sea fijado como máximo en veinticinco; después de
lo cual, el número y la proporción de los representantes deberán ser reguladas
por el legislador: Disponiéndose que ninguna persona sea elegible o calificada
para actuar como representante a menos que él haya sido un ciudadano de uno de
los Estados Unidos tres años y ser residente en el distrito, o a menos que haya
residido en el distrito durante tres años; y, en cualquier caso, deberá tener
del mismo modo en su propio derecho, en pleno dominio, doscientos acres de
tierra dentro del mismo; Disponiéndose, además, de un dominio absoluto de
cincuenta acres de tierra en el distrito, después de haber sido un ciudadano de
uno de los estados, y ser residente en el distrito; el dominio absoluto, como los
dos años de residencia en el distrito, será necesario para calificar un hombre
como elector de un representante.
Los representantes así elegidos desempeñarán sus
funciones por el término de dos años; y, en el caso de la muerte de un
representante o destitución del cargo, el gobernador emitirá un escrito al
condado o municipio para el cual él era miembro para elegir a otro en su lugar,
sirviendo por el resto del mandato.
La asamblea general o la legislatura estarán
constituidos por el gobernador, Consejo Legislativo, y una cámara de
representantes. El Consejo Legislativo estará integrado por cinco miembros, continuando
en el cargo cinco años, a no ser que sean destituidos antes por el Congreso;
tres de los cuales conformarán un quórum, y los miembros del Consejo serán
designados y nombrados de la siguiente manera, a saber: Tan pronto como son
elegidos los representantes, el Gobernador nombrará un tiempo y lugar para que
ellos se reúnan; y, en caso de cumplirse, éstos nombrarán a diez personas, residentes
en el distrito, y cada uno poseedor de un dominio absoluto de quinientos acres
de tierra y enviarán sus nombres al Congreso; el Congreso nombrará a cinco de
los cuales y el mandato de servir como queda dicho; y, cada vez que quede una
vacante en el consejo, por muerte o cese del cargo, la cámara de representantes
designará a dos personas, calificadas de dicha manera, para cada vacante, y enviará
sus nombres al Congreso; uno de los cuales el Congreso nombrará y con un
mandato para el resto del periodo. Y cada cinco años, cuatro meses por lo menos
antes de la expiración del tiempo de servicio de los miembros del consejo, la
dicha casa designarán diez personas, calificados de dicha manera, y enviará sus
nombres al Congreso; cinco de los cuales el Congreso nombrará y con el mandato
de servir como miembros del consejo durante cinco años, salvo pronta eliminación.
Y el gobernador, Consejo Legislativo, y cámara de representantes tendrán
autoridad para hacer leyes en todos los casos, para el buen gobierno del
distrito, sin repugnar los principios y artículos de esta ordenanza
establecidos y declarados. Y todos los proyectos de ley, después de haber pasado
por una mayoría en la Cámara, y por mayoría en el Consejo, serán remitidos al
gobernador para su aprobación; pero ningún proyecto de ley o de acto
legislativo que sea, será nulo de cualquier fuerza sin su consentimiento. El
gobernador tendrá la facultad de convocar, prorrogar y disolver la Asamblea General,
cuando, a su juicio, debiera ser conveniente.
El gobernador, jueces, Consejo Legislativo, el
secretario y los demás funcionarios que el Congreso nombrará en el distrito
prestarán juramento o promesa de fidelidad y de oficio; el gobernador ante el
presidente del congreso, y todos los demás funcionarios ante el Gobernador. Tan
pronto como sea formada una legislatura en el distrito, el consejo y la casa se
reunirán en una habitación, facultados, en votación conjunta, para elegir a un
delegado ante Congreso, que tendrá un asiento en el Congreso con un derecho de
debatir, pero no votar durante este gobierno temporal.
Y, para la ampliación de los principios
fundamentales de la libertad civil y religiosa, que constituyen la base sobre
la cual estas repúblicas, sus leyes y constituciones se levantan; fijar y
establecer esos principios como la base de todas las leyes, constituciones y
gobiernos, que para siempre y desde ahora se formen en dicho territorio: proporcionar
también el establecimiento de los Estados y el gobierno permanente en el mismo,
y su admisión a una participación en los consejos federales en pie de igualdad
con los Estados originales, en el período tan pronto como pueda ser coherente
con el interés general:
Por la presente se ordena y declara por la autoridad
antedicha que los siguientes artículos serán considerados como artículos de
pacto entre los Estados originarios y los pueblos y los Estados en dicho
territorio y para siempre permanecerán inalterables, a no ser de común acuerdo,
a saber:
Artículo I. Ninguna persona, degradada a sí misma de
una manera pacífica y ordenada, nunca puede ser molestada a causa de su modo de
adoración o sentimientos religiosos en el citado territorio.
Artículo II. Los habitantes de dicho territorio
siempre tendrán derecho a los beneficios de la acción de hábeas corpus y del
juicio por jurado; de una representación proporcional de las personas en el
poder legislativo; y de las actuaciones judiciales, según la evolución de la
ley común. Todas las personas tendrán la libertad bajo fianza, salvo para los
delitos capitales, donde la prueba será evidente o la presunción grande. Todas
las multas serán moderadas; y no se impondrán castigos crueles o inusuales.
Nadie podrá ser privado de su libertad o propiedad sino por el juicio de sus
pares o la ley de la tierra; y, en caso de realizar las exigencias públicas que
sean necesarias para la preservación común, para tomar la propiedad de
cualquier persona, o para exigir sus servicios en particular, se hará la
reparación íntegra del mismo. Y, en la preservación justa de derechos y bienes,
se entiende y declara que ninguna ley debe nunca ser hecha, o tendrá vigor en
dicho territorio que pudiera, en cualquier forma que fuere, interferir o
afectar los contratos privados o compromisos, de buena fe, y sin fraude,
previamente formados.
Artículo III. La religión, la moralidad y el
conocimiento, siendo necesarios en el buen gobierno y la felicidad de la
humanidad, siempre serán animados en las escuelas y los medios de la educación.
La máxima buena fe siempre se observará con los indios; sus tierras y propiedad
nunca se tomarán de ellos sin su consentimiento; y sus bienes, derechos y
libertad, nunca deberán ser invadidos o molestados, a menos que en justas y
legítimas guerras autorizadas por el Congreso; pero las leyes fundadas en la
justicia y la humanidad, serán hechas ocasionalmente para prevenir los males siendo
infligidos contra ellos, y para preservar la paz y la amistad con ellos.
Artículo IV. Dicho territorio, y los Estados que se
pueden formar en el mismo, permanecerán para siempre como una parte de esta
Confederación de los Estados Unidos de América, con sujeción a los Artículos de
la Confederación, y para este tipo de alteraciones en ella como se hizo la Constitución;
y para todos los actos y ordenanzas de los Estados Unidos reunidos en Congreso,
conforme al mismo. Los habitantes y colonos en dicho territorio estarán sujetos
a pagar una parte de las deudas contraídas federales o por contraer y una parte
proporcional de los gastos de gobierno, que se distribuirán en ellos por el
Congreso de acuerdo con la misma regla y medida común por el cual los
prorrateos de los mismos se efectuarán en los demás Estados; y de los impuestos
para pagar su proporción se establecerán y recaudarán por la autoridad y la
dirección de las legislaturas del distrito o distritos, o nuevos Estados, como
en los estados originales, dentro del plazo acordado por los Estados Unidos
reunidos en Congreso. Las legislaturas de los distritos o los nuevos Estados
nunca deberán interferir con el reparto primario del suelo por los Estados
Unidos reunidos en Congreso, ni con todos los reglamentos que el Congreso pueda
encontrar necesario para asegurar el título de ese suelo a los compradores de buena
fe. No se impondrá ningún impuesto sobre las tierras de la propiedad de los
Estados Unidos; y, en ningún caso, los propietarios no residentes tributarán
más alto que los residentes. Las aguas navegables que lleven al Mississippi y
San Lorenzo, y los lugares de paso entre los mismos serán carreteras comunes y
para siempre libres, así para los habitantes de dicho territorio como a los
ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos, y las de cualquier otro Estado que pueda ser
admitidos en la confederación, sin ningún tipo de traba, impuesto o derecho
para ello.
Artículo V. Se formarán en dicho territorio no menos
de tres ni más de cinco Estados; y las fronteras de los Estados, tan pronto
como Virginia alterará su acto de cesión y de su consentimiento al mismo,
pasarán a ser fijos y establecido como sigue, a saber: El Estado occidental en
dicho territorio, estará limitado por los ríos Mississippi, Ohio y Wabash; una
línea directa trazada desde el Wabash y Fuerte Vicente, hacia el norte, hasta
la línea territorial entre los Estados Unidos y Canadá; y, por dicha línea
territorial, hasta el lago de los bosques y el Mississippi. El Estado central
debe estar delimitado por dicha línea directa, el Wabash desde el Fuerte Vicente
al Ohio, por el Ohio, por una línea recta, hacia el norte de la desembocadura
del Gran Miami, hasta la línea territorial dicha, y por la dicha línea
territorial. El Estado oriental estará limitado por la última línea directa
antes mencionada, el Ohio, Pennsylvania, y dicha línea territorial: A condición,
sin embargo, y se entiende más allá y declara que las fronteras de estos tres
Estados se verán sometidas a una alteración que, si el Congreso se encuentra en
lo sucesivo conveniente, tendrá autoridad para formar uno o dos Estados en esa
parte de dicho territorio que se encuentra al norte de una línea de este a
oeste que pasa por la curva hacia el sur o el extremo del lago Michigan. Y,
cada vez que alguno de dichos Estados tendrá sesenta mil habitantes libres en
el mismo, dicho Estado tendrá que ser admitido por sus delegados en el Congreso
de los Estados Unidos, en pie de igualdad con los Estados originales en todos
los aspectos que sea, y que tendrán derecho a una constitución permanente y gobierno
estatal: Suministrada la constitución y el gobierno de manera que se formen,
deberá ser republicano y de conformidad con los principios contenidos en estos
artículos; y, hasta el momento, a medida que pueda ser compatible con el
interés general de la confederación, dicha admisión se permitirá tan pronto
como sea posible y cuando pueda haber el número de habitantes libres mínimo en
el Estado de sesenta mil.
Artículo VI. No habrá ni esclavitud ni servidumbre
involuntaria en dicho territorio, de otra forma que no sea en castigo por los delitos
del que el responsable haya quedado debidamente convicto: Excepto, siempre, que
cualquier persona que huya al mismo de donde la mano de obra o servicio es
legalmente de acuerdo con una cualquiera de los Estados originales, y como
fugitivo puede ser legalmente reclamado y se transportado a la persona que
reclama su mano de obra o servicio de dicha manera.
Sea ordenado por la autoridad antedicha que las
resoluciones de 23 de abril de 1784, en relación con el tema de esta ordenanza,
sean y queden derogadas y se declaren nulas y sin efecto.
An Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio.
Section 1. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.
Sec 2. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates, both of resident and nonresident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall descent to, and be distributed among their children, and the descendants of a deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them: And where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parents' share; and there shall in no case be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving, in all cases, to the widow of the intestate her third part of the real estate for life, and one third part of the personal estate; and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed and delivered by the person being of full age, in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall be appointed for that purpose; and personal property may be transferred by delivery; saving, however to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, St. Vincents and the neighboring villages who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance, of property.
Sec. 3. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 1,000 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office.
Sec. 4. There shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for four years unless sooner revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 500 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings, every six months, to the Secretary of Congress: There shall also be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold estate in 500 acres of land while in the exercise of their offices; and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior.
Sec. 5. The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress from time to time: which laws shall be in force in the district until the organization of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Congress; but afterwards the Legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit.
Sec. 6. The governor, for the time being, shall be commander in chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank of general officers; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Congress.
Sec. 7. Previous to the organization of the general assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order in the same: After the general assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of the magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said assembly; but all magistrates and other civil officers not herein otherwise directed, shall during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor.
Sec. 8. For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed from time to time as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature.
Sec. 9. So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants of full age in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect a representative from their counties or townships to represent them in the general assembly: Provided, That, for every five hundred free male inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabitants shall the right of representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to twenty five; after which, the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the legislature: Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have resided in the district three years; and, in either case, shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same; Provided, also, That a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a citizen of one of the states, and being resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years residence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a representative.
Sec. 10. The representatives thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years; and, in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term.
Sec. 11. The general assembly or legislature shall consist of the governor, legislative council, and a house of representatives. The Legislative Council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress; any three of whom to be a quorum: and the members of the Council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit: As soon as representatives shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet together; and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of land, and return their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and, whenever a vacancy shall happen in the council, by death or removal from office, the house of representatives shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress; one of whom congress shall appoint and commission for the residue of the term. And every five years, four months at least before the expiration of the time of service of the members of council, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the council five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative council, and house of representatives, shall have authority to make laws in all cases, for the good government of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this ordinance established and declared. And all bills, having passed by a majority in the house, and by a majority in the council, shall be referred to the governor for his assent; but no bill, or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the general assembly, when, in his opinion, it shall be expedient.
Sec. 12. The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity and of office; the governor before the president of congress, and all other officers before the Governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of debating but not voting during this temporary government.
Sec. 13. And, for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the said territory: to provide also for the establishment of States, and permanent government therein, and for their admission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with the general interest:
Sec. 14. It is hereby ordained and declared by the authority aforesaid, That the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said territory and forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit:
Art. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory.
Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature; and of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses, where the proof shall be evident or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land; and, should the public exigencies make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take any person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud, previously formed.
Art. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.
Art. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this Confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the district or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those districts or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and, in no case, shall nonresident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor.
Art. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The western State in the said territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash Rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents, due North, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada; and, by the said territorial line, to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line, drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami, to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line: Provided, however, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government: Provided, the constitution and government so to be formed, shall be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles; and, so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand.
Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid.
Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of the 23rd of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby repealed and declared null and void.
Done by the United States, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of their soveriegnty and independence the twelfth.
Original
Section 1. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.
Sec 2. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates, both of resident and nonresident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall descent to, and be distributed among their children, and the descendants of a deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them: And where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parents' share; and there shall in no case be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving, in all cases, to the widow of the intestate her third part of the real estate for life, and one third part of the personal estate; and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed and delivered by the person being of full age, in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall be appointed for that purpose; and personal property may be transferred by delivery; saving, however to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, St. Vincents and the neighboring villages who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance, of property.
Sec. 3. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 1,000 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office.
Sec. 4. There shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for four years unless sooner revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 500 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings, every six months, to the Secretary of Congress: There shall also be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold estate in 500 acres of land while in the exercise of their offices; and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior.
Sec. 5. The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress from time to time: which laws shall be in force in the district until the organization of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Congress; but afterwards the Legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit.
Sec. 6. The governor, for the time being, shall be commander in chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank of general officers; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Congress.
Sec. 7. Previous to the organization of the general assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order in the same: After the general assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of the magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said assembly; but all magistrates and other civil officers not herein otherwise directed, shall during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor.
Sec. 8. For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed from time to time as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature.
Sec. 9. So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants of full age in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect a representative from their counties or townships to represent them in the general assembly: Provided, That, for every five hundred free male inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabitants shall the right of representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to twenty five; after which, the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the legislature: Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have resided in the district three years; and, in either case, shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same; Provided, also, That a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a citizen of one of the states, and being resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years residence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a representative.
Sec. 10. The representatives thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years; and, in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term.
Sec. 11. The general assembly or legislature shall consist of the governor, legislative council, and a house of representatives. The Legislative Council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress; any three of whom to be a quorum: and the members of the Council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit: As soon as representatives shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet together; and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of land, and return their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and, whenever a vacancy shall happen in the council, by death or removal from office, the house of representatives shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress; one of whom congress shall appoint and commission for the residue of the term. And every five years, four months at least before the expiration of the time of service of the members of council, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the council five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative council, and house of representatives, shall have authority to make laws in all cases, for the good government of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this ordinance established and declared. And all bills, having passed by a majority in the house, and by a majority in the council, shall be referred to the governor for his assent; but no bill, or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the general assembly, when, in his opinion, it shall be expedient.
Sec. 12. The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity and of office; the governor before the president of congress, and all other officers before the Governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of debating but not voting during this temporary government.
Sec. 13. And, for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the said territory: to provide also for the establishment of States, and permanent government therein, and for their admission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with the general interest:
Sec. 14. It is hereby ordained and declared by the authority aforesaid, That the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said territory and forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit:
Art. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory.
Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature; and of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses, where the proof shall be evident or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land; and, should the public exigencies make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take any person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud, previously formed.
Art. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.
Art. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this Confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the district or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those districts or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and, in no case, shall nonresident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor.
Art. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The western State in the said territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash Rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents, due North, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada; and, by the said territorial line, to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line, drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami, to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line: Provided, however, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government: Provided, the constitution and government so to be formed, shall be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles; and, so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand.
Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid.
Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of the 23rd of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby repealed and declared null and void.
Done by the United States, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of their soveriegnty and independence the twelfth.
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