Conciudadanos del Senado y de la Cámara de
Representantes: Cuando llamamos a la mente la graciosa indulgencia del Cielo,
por lo que el pueblo estadounidense se convirtió en una nación; cuando
examinamos la prosperidad general de nuestro país, y esperamos la riqueza, el
poder y la felicidad a la que parece destinado; con el más profundo pesar debo
anunciarle, que durante su receso, algunos de los ciudadanos de los Estados
Unidos han sido encontrado capaces de una insurrección. Es nuestro deber, sin
embargo, dado el carácter de nuestro gobierno y para su estabilidad, que no
pueda ser sacudido por los enemigos del orden, desarrollándose libres del curso
de este evento.
Durante el período de sesiones del año mil
setecientos noventa, fue oportuno ejercer la potestad legislativa, otorgada por
la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, “para establecer y recaudar impuestos
sobre el consumo”. En la mayoría de los Estados, apenas se escuchó una objeción
a esta modalidad de tributación. En algunos, de hecho, saltaron las alarmas al
principio, hasta que fueron expulsadas por la razón y el patriotismo. En los
cuatro condados del oeste de Pennsylvania, un prejuicio, fomentado y amargado
por el artificio de los hombres, que trabajaban para una ascendencia sobre la
voluntad de los demás, por la orientación de sus pasiones, produce los síntomas
de disturbios y violencia. Es bien sabido que el Congreso no dudó en examinar
las quejas que se presentaron, y aliviarlos en cuanto a la justicia dictó o la
conveniencia general permitiría, pero la impresión es que esta moderación hecha
en los descontentos no fue correspondida en equidad. Las artes de la ilusión ya
no se limitaban a los esfuerzos de diseño de los individuos.
La misma tolerancia de publicar procesamientos fue
mal interpretada en un temor de instar a la ejecución de las leyes; y
asociaciones de hombres comenzaron a denunciar las amenazas contra los agentes
utilizados. Desde una creencia, que por un concierto más formal, de que su
funcionamiento podría ser derrotado, ciertas sociedades de creación propia asumieron
el tono de condena. Por lo tanto, mientras que la mayor parte de Pennsylvania
fueron conformándose a las actas de los impuestos especiales, algunos condados
se resolvieron en frustrarlos. Ahora se percibe que todas las expectativas de
ternura que fueron perseguidas hasta ahora eran inútiles, y que más demora sólo
podría crear una opinión de impotencia o falta de decisión en el gobierno. El
proceso legal fue, por lo tanto, entregado al comisario, contra de los
manifestantes y los destiladores de mora.
Tan pronto se comprendió que se dedicarían a este
deber, la venganza de los hombres armados fue dirigida a su persona, y la
persona y los bienes del inspector de los ingresos. Ellos dispararon contra el inspector,
lo arrestaron y lo detuvieron durante un tiempo como prisionero. Se vio
obligado, por el peligro de su vida, a renunciar al servicio de otro proceso en
el lado oeste de la montaña Allegeny; y una delegación fue enviada
posteriormente a él para exigir una rendición de lo que él había servido. Un
numeroso grupo atacó repetidamente la casa del comisario, se apoderó de sus
papeles de oficina, y finalmente fue destruía por el fuego, sus edificios, y
todo lo que contenía. Ambos funcionarios, con un solo sentido a su seguridad,
huyeron a la sede del gobierno; que se confesó que los motivos de tales
ultrajes eran para obligar la renuncia del inspector, resistir por la fuerza de
las armas a la autoridad de los Estados Unidos, y por tanto extorsionar la
derogación de las leyes de los impuestos especiales, y una alteración en la
conducta del gobierno.
Sobre el testimonio de estos hechos, un juez
asociado de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos me notificó que “en los
condados de Washington y Allegeny, en Pennsylvania, se opusieron a las leyes de
Estados Unidos, así como a la ejecución de las mismas por combinaciones
demasiado poderosas para ser suprimidas por el curso ordinario del proceso
judicial, o por los poderes conferidos al comisario de ese distrito”. Ante esta
convocatoria, trascendental en extremo, busqué y sopesé la mejor forma de
someter la crisis. Por un lado, el poder judicial se pronunció estar despojado
de su capacidad para hacer cumplir las leyes; crímenes, que alcanzaron la
existencia misma del orden social, se perpetraron sin control, los amigos del
gobierno fueron insultados, maltratados e intimidados al silencio o
aquiescencia aparente; y el rendimiento a la furia de una parte tan pequeña de
los Estados Unidos, sería violar el principio fundamental de nuestra
Constitución, que ordena que la voluntad de la mayoría prevalecerá. Por el
otro, poner a los ciudadanos unos contra otros, publicar la deshonra de tales
excesos, encontrarse con el gasto y otras vergüenzas de una expedición tan
distante, eran pasos muy delicados, muy estrechamente entrelazados con muchas
consideraciones que afectan como para adoptarse a la ligera. Pospuse, por lo
tanto, la convocatoria de la milicia de inmediato en el campo. Pero yo les
exigí que se mantuvieran listos, que si mis esfuerzos ansiosos por recuperar a
los engañados y para convencer al maligno de su peligro fuesen infructuosas, la
fuerza militar podría estar preparado para actuar antes de que la temporada estuviese
demasiado avanzado.
Mi Proclamación del siete de agosto pasado se emitió
en consecuencia, acompañado por el nombramiento de comisarios, que fueron encargados
de reparar a la escena de la insurrección. Estaban autorizados a conversar
con todos los cuerpos de los hombres o individuos. Se les instruyó para ser
francos y explícitos, al afirmar las sensaciones, que habían sido excitados en
el Ejecutivo, y su ferviente deseo de evitar el recurso a la coerción. Para
representar, sin embargo, que sin sumisión, la coerción debe ser el recurso;
pero para invitarlos, a la vez, a volver a la actitud de ciudadanos fieles, por
el alojamiento como laicos dentro de la esfera del poder ejecutivo. El perdón,
también, fue presentado ante ellos por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos y al
de Pennsylvania, sin ninguna otra condición que una garantía satisfactoria de
la obediencia a las leyes.
Aunque el informe de los comisionados marca su
firmeza y capacidad, y debe unir a todos los hombres virtuosos, mostrando que todos
los medios de conciliación se habían agotado contra los que habían cometido o
instigado los tumultos, sin suscribir la forma leve, que se propuso, como la
expiación; y los indicios de un temperamento apacible eran ni lo
suficientemente generales, ni concluyentes, para recomendar o garantizar una
suspensión adicional de la marcha de la milicia.
Por lo tanto, la alternativa dolorosa no podía ser
desechada. Pedí a la milicia marchar, después de amonestar a los insurgentes
una vez más, en mi proclamación del pasado veinticinco de septiembre.
Fue una tarea muy difícil determinar con precisión
el grado más bajo de la fuerza, competente para la represión de la
insurrección. Desde el respeto, de hecho, a nuestra economía y la facilidad de
mis conciudadanos que pertenecen a la milicia, me habría gratificado lograr tal
estimación. Mi muy renuencia a atribuir demasiada importancia a la oposición, aunque
se conocieran con cierta precisión sus números, habría sido un incentivo
decidido al menor número de efectivos eficientes. En esta incertidumbre, por lo
tanto, puse en marcha a quince mil hombres, como un ejército que, conforme a
todo cálculo humano, sería rápido y adecuado en cada eventualidad; y podría tal
vez, por la resistencia desesperada de representación, evitar la efusión de
sangre. Las cuotas se han asignado a los estados de New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Maryland y Virginia; el gobernador de Pennsylvania declaró en esta ocasión una
opinión que justifica una solicitud a los demás Estados.
Como comandante en jefe de la milicia, cuando es
llamado al servicio activo de los Estados Unidos, he visitado los lugares de
encuentro general para obtener una información más exacta y para diseñar un
plan para los movimientos ulteriores. Si hubiera habido espacio para la
persuasión, las leyes estarían seguras de la obstrucción; que el magistrado
civil fuera capaz de llevar a la justicia a los más culpables, ya que no aceptaron
los términos proferidos de amnistía, y pudieran ser considerados objetos de
ejemplo; que los amigos de la paz y el buen gobierno no estuvieran en necesidad
de dicha ayuda y contingencia, la cual ellos debían recibir, y confío, nunca recibirán,
en contra del cruel y turbulento; Deberían haber atrapado con avidez la
oportunidad de restaurar la milicia a sus familias y el hogar. Pero la
inteligencia obtenida ha tendido a manifestar la necesidad de lo que se ha
hecho; que estando ya confesada por los que no estaban inclinados a exagerar la
mala conducta de los insurgentes, que su maldad no se señaló más que a una ley
especial; sino que un espíritu, enemigo de todo orden, ha accionado muchos de
los delincuentes. Si el estado de cosas hubiera proporcionado razones para la
continuación de mi presencia con el ejército, no me habría marchado. Pero cada
aspecto asegurando un tema tal, tanto como redundará en la reputación y la
fuerza de los Estados Unidos, he juzgado más adecuado reanudar mis tareas en la
sede de gobierno, dejando el mando en jefe al gobernador de Virginia.
Aún así, sin embargo, como es probable, que en un
alboroto como el actual, en absoluto pueda ser el pretexto, los efectos de la
travesura y la venganza no pueden dejarse a un lado; el estacionamiento de una
pequeña fuerza durante un período determinado en los cuatro condados del oeste
de Pennsylvania será indispensable; si contemplamos la situación de las
personas que están relacionados con la ejecución de las leyes; o de otros que
puede haberse expuesto a sí mismos por un adjunto honorable a ellas.
Treinta días a partir del inicio de esta sesión,
siendo la limitación legal del empleo de la milicia, el Congreso no puede estar
demasiado pronto ocupado de este tema.
Entre los debates que pueden surgir de este aspecto
de nuestros asuntos, y de los documentos que se presentarán al Congreso, no
escapará a su observación que no sólo el inspector de los ingresos, sino los
demás funcionarios de los Estados Unidos en Pensilvania hubieron, de su
fidelidad en el desempeño de sus funciones, sufrido lesiones en sus bienes
materiales. La obligación y la política de indemnizarles es fuerte y evidente.
También puede merecer atención, si la política no va a ampliar esta disposición
a la retribución de los otros ciudadanos, que, aunque no tuviesen lazos de oficina,
puedan haber sufrido daños por sus generosos esfuerzos por defender la
Constitución y las leyes. La cantidad, incluso si todos los heridos fueran
incluidos, no sería genial; y en futuras situaciones de emergencia, el gobierno
sería ampliamente reembolsado por la influencia de un ejemplo, que él, quien
incurre en una pérdida en su defensa deberá encontrar una recompensa en su
liberalidad.
Si bien hay motivos para el lamento de que sucesos
de esta naturaleza hubieran deshonrado el nombre, o interrumpido la
tranquilidad de cualquier parte de nuestra comunidad, o hubieran desviado a una
nueva aplicación cualquier porción de los recursos públicos, no debemos buscar
retribuciones y consuelos sustanciales para la desgracia. Se ha demostrado que
nuestra prosperidad descansa sobre bases sólidas; mediante el suministro de una
prueba más de que mis conciudadanos entiendan los verdaderos principios de gobierno
y la libertad: que sientan su unión inseparable: que a pesar de todos los
dispositivos que se han utilizado para disuadirles de su interés y el deber,
ahora son tan dispuesto a mantener la autoridad de las leyes contra las
invasiones licenciosos como lo fueron para defender sus derechos frente a la
usurpación. Ha sido un espectáculo, mostrando la ventaja más alta, el valor del
Gobierno Republicano, contemplar a los más y menos ricos de nuestros ciudadanos
en pie en las mismas filas como soldados privados; eminentemente distinguidos
por ser el ejército de la Constitución; sin inmutarse por una marcha de 300
millas sobre montañas escarpadas, por el acercamiento de una estación
inclemente, o por cualquier otro desaliento. Tampoco debo omitir el agradecer
la cooperación eficaz y patriótica que he experimentado de los magistrados de
los estados, a los que se han enviado mis requisiciones.
Para todo tipo, de hecho, de ciudadanos hemos de
expresar una alabanza. Mas dejémosles perseverar en su vigilancia afectuosa
sobre ese precioso depósito de la felicidad de América, la constitución de los
Estados Unidos. Háganles aprecian también, por el bien de aquellos, que desde
toda región buscan diariamente una vivienda en nuestra tierra. Y cuando en los
momentos calmados de la reflexión, cuando deberán haber retrocedido al origen y
progreso de la insurrección, dejémosles determinar, si no ha sido fomentada por
las combinaciones de los hombres, que, por descuido de las consecuencias, y sin
tener en cuenta la verdad infalible, que aquellos que se levantan no siempre pueden
apaciguar una convulsión civil que se ha difundido desde el desconocimiento o
la tergiversación de los hechos, sospechas, celos, y acusaciones de todo el
gobierno.
Habiendo cumplido así el compromiso, la cual tomé
yo, cuando entré en el cargo, "con la mejor de mis capacidades para
preservar, proteger y defender la Constitución de los Estados Unidos," en vosotros,
señores, y en el pueblo del cual sois delegados, confío vuestra ayuda.
En las disposiciones a las que la posibilidad de una
contingencia similar naturalmente llamase su atención, no debe olvidarse que
las leyes de la milicia han mostrado tales defectos llamativos como no podrían
haber sido mostrados salvo por el celo de nuestros ciudadanos. Además del
extraordinario coste y los residuos, que no son el menor de los defectos, todas
las apelaciones a esas leyes son atendidas con una duda de su éxito.
La concepción y el establecimiento de una milicia
bien regulada sería una fuente genuina de honor legislativo, y un título
perfecto para la gratitud pública. Yo, por lo tanto, deposito en ustedes la
esperanza de que el actual período de sesiones no pasará, sin necesidad de
llevar a su plena energía el poder de organizar, armar y disciplinar a la
milicia; y proporcionándolos así, en el lenguaje de la constitución, para llamarlos
a ejecutar las leyes de la Unión, sofocar las insurrecciones y rechazar las
invasiones.
Como auxiliar al estado de nuestra defensa, a la que
el Congreso nunca podrá repetirse con demasiada frecuencia, no omitirán preguntar
si las fortificaciones, que ya han sido autorizadas por ley, sean acordes con
nuestras exigencias.
La inteligencia del ejército, bajo el mando del
general Wayne, es un presagio feliz de nuestras operaciones militares contra
los indios hostiles al norte del Ohio. De los consejos que les haya sido
enviados y el avance que ha hecho debe haber amortiguado el ardor de los
salvajes, y ha debilitado su obstinación en hacer la guerra contra los Estados
Unidos. Y sin embargo, incluso en esta última hora, cuando nuestro poder para
castigarles no puede ponerse en duda, no podemos estar indispuestos a cimentar
una paz duradera sobre los términos de la franqueza, la equidad y la buena
vecindad.
Hacia ninguna de las tribus indias se han librado
ofertas de amistad. Los Creeks, en particular, están excitados de la usurpación
por la interposición del Gobierno General y el de Georgia. Desde un deseo
también para eliminar el descontento de las Seis Naciones, un asentamiento,
meditado en Presqu'isle en el lago Erie, se ha suspendido; y un agente está
tratando de corregir cualquier malentendido en el que pudieron haber caído.
Pero no puedo dejar de pulsar otra vez sobre sus deliberaciones el plan que
recomendé en la última reunión, para la mejora de la armonía con todos los
indios dentro de nuestros límites, por la fijación y conducción de las casas
comerciales, en los principios que dicho expresa.
Señores de la Cámara de Representantes: El tiempo
que ha transcurrido, desde el comienzo de nuestras medidas fiscales, ha
desarrollado los recursos pecuniarios, a fin de abrir un camino para que un
plan definitivo para la redención de la deuda pública. Se cree que el resultado
es tal, como para alentar al Congreso a consumar esta obra sin demora. Nada
puede promover más el bienestar permanente de la nación, y nada sería más
agradecidos por nuestros electores. De hecho, y aunque nuestro sistema de
crédito público es inconcluso, no puede ser beneficiado por la dilación; y en
la medida que sea factible, debe colocarse el crédito por razones que no pueden
ser perturbadas, y para evitar la acumulación progresiva de la deuda que en
última instancia pone en peligro a todos los gobiernos.
Una estimación de los créditos necesarios, incluidos
los gastos en los que hemos sido conducidos por la insurrección, se presentará
al Congreso.
Señores del Senado y de la Cámara de Representantes:
La Casa de Moneda de los Estados Unidos ha entrado en la acuñación de monedas
de metales preciosos; y considerables sumas de monedas y lingotes defectuosos
se han presentado ante el director por individuos. Sería una perspectiva
agradable que la institución, en un día no remoto, se diera cuenta de la
expectativa por la que se formó originalmente y su utilidad.
En comunicaciones posteriores, ciertas
circunstancias de nuestras relaciones con las naciones extranjeras serán
transmitidas al Congreso. Sin embargo, puede que no esté fuera de tiempo anunciar
que mi política en nuestras transacciones con el exterior ha sido para cultivar
la paz con todo el mundo; para observar los tratados con fe pura y absoluta;
comprobar cada desviación de la línea de imparcialidad; explicar lo que pudo
haber sido comprendido mal, y corregir lo que pudo haber sido perjudicial para
cualquier nación; y habiendo adquirido así el derecho para no perder tiempo en
la adquisición de la capacidad, insistir en que se haga justicia a nosotros mismos.
Unámonos, pues, en petición al Supremo Gobernante de
las naciones, para que extienda su santa protección sobre estos Estados Unidos:
convertir las maquinaciones de los malvados a la confirmación de nuestra
constitución: para que nos permita en todo momento acabar con la sedición
interna y poner en fuga las invasiones: para perpetuar a nuestro país en la
prosperidad que su bondad ha conferido, y para verificar las anticipaciones de
este gobierno de ser un guardián de los derechos humanos.
ellow Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: When we call to mind the gracious indulgence of Heaven, by which the American People became a nation; when we survey the general prosperity of our country, and look forward to the riches, power, and happiness, to which it seems destined; with the deepest regret do I announce to you, that during your recess, some of the citizens of the United States have been found capable of an insurrection. It is due, however, to the character of our government, and to its stability, which cannot be shaken by the enemies of order, freely to unfold the course of this event.
During the session of the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety, it was expedient to exercise the legislative power, granted by the constitution of the United States, "to lay and collect excises." In a majority of the States, scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first conceived, until they were banished by reason and patriotism. In the four western counties of Pennsylvania, a prejudice, fostered and embittered by the artifice of men, who labored for an ascendency over the will of others, by the guidance of their passions, produced symptoms of riot and violence. It is well known, that Congress did not hesitate to examine the complaints which were presented, and to relieve them, as far as justice dictated, or general convenience would permit, But the impression, which this moderation made on the discontented, did not correspond, with what it deserved. The arts of delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing individuals.
The very forbearance to press prosecutions was misinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the laws; and associations of men began to denounce threats against the officers employed. From a belief, that by a more formal concert, their operation might be defeated, certain self-created societies 36 assumed the tone of condemnation. Hence, while the greater part of Pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts of excise, a few counties were resolved to frustrate them. It was now perceived, that every expectation from the tenderness which had been hitherto pursued, was unavailing, and that further delay could only create an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the government. Legal process was, therefore, delivered to the marshal, against the rioters and delinquent distillers.
No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty, than the vengeance of armed men was aimed at his person, and the person and property of the inspector of the revenue. They fired upon the marshal, arrested him, and detained him for some time, as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy of his life, to renounce the service of other process, on the west side of the Allegeny mountain; and a deputation was afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he had served. A numerous body repeatedly attacked the house of the inspector, seized his papers of office, and finally destroyed by fire, his buildings, and whatsoever they contained. Both of these officers, from a just regard to their safety, fled to the seat of government; it being avowed, that the motives to such outrages were to compel the resignation of the inspector, to withstand by force of arms the authority of the United States, and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws of excise, and an alteration in the conduct of government.
Upon the testimony of these facts, an associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States notified to me, that "in the counties of Washington and Allegeny, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States were opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed by combinations, too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshal of that district." On this call, momentous in the extreme, I sought and weighed, what might best subdue the crisis. On the one hand, the judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws; crimes, which reached the very existence of social order, were perpetrated without controul, the friends of government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence, or an apparent acquiescence; and the yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of the United States, would be to violate the fundamental principle of our constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On the other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the dishonor of such excesses, to encounter the expense, and other embarrassments of so distant an expedition, were steps too delicate, too closely interwoven with many affecting considerations, to be lightly adopted. I postponed, therefore, the summoning of the militia immediately into the field. But I required them to be held in readiness, that if my anxious endeavours to reclaim the deluded, and to convince the malignant of their danger, should be fruitless, military force might be prepared to act, before the season should be too far advanced.
My Proclamation of the 7th of August last was accordingly issued, and accompanied by the appointment of Commissioners, who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection. They were authorized to confer with any bodies of men, or individuals. They were instructed to be candid and explicit, in stating the sensations, which had been excited in the Executive, and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to coercion. To represent, however, that without submission, coercion must be the resort; but to invite them, at the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of the executive power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the government of the United States, and that of Pennsylvania, upon no other condition, than a satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws.
Although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and abilities, and must unite all virtuous men, by shewing, that the means of conciliation have been exhausted, all of those who had committed or abetted the tumults, did not subscribe the mild form, which was proposed, as the atonement; and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither sufficiently general, nor conclusive, to recommend or warrant, a further suspension of the march of the militia.
Thus, the painful alternative could not be discarded. I ordered the militia to march, after once more admonishing the insurgents, in my proclamation of the 25th of September last.
It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision, the lowest degree of force, competent to the quelling of the insurrection. From a respect, indeed, to oeconomy, and the ease of my fellow citizens belonging to the militia, it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My very reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition, had its extent been accurately seen, would have been a decided inducement to the smallest efficient numbers. In this uncertainty, therefore, I put in motion fifteen thousand men, as being an army, which, according to all human calculation, would be prompt, and adequate in every view; and might perhaps, by rendering resistance desperate, prevent the effusion of blood. Quotas had been assigned to the states of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; the governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasion, an opinion which justified a requisition to the other states.
As commander in chief of the militia, when called into the actual service of the United States, I have visited the places of general rendezvous, to obtain more exact information, and to direct a plan for ulterior movements. Had there been room for a persuasion, that the laws were secure from obstruction; that the civil magistrate was able to bring to justice such of the most culpable, as have not embraced the proffered terms of amnesty, and may be deemed fit objects of example; that the friends to peace and good government were not in need of that aid and countenance, which they ought always to receive, and I trust, ever will receive, against the vicious and turbulent; I should have caught with avidity the opportunity of restoring the militia to their families and home. But succeeding intelligence has tended to manifest the necessity of what has been done; it being now confessed by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill-conduct of the insurgents, that their malevolence was not pointed merely to a particular law; but that a spirit, inimical to all order, has actuated many of the offenders. If the state of things had afforded reason for the continuance of my presence with the army, it would not have been withholden. But every appearance assuring such an issue, as will redound to the reputation and strength of the United States, I have judged it most proper, to resume my duties at the seat of government, leaving the chief command with the governor of Virginia.
Still, however, as it is probable, that in a commotion like the present, whatsoever may be the pretence, the purposes of mischief and revenge may not be laid aside; the stationing of a small force for a certain period in the four western counties of Pennsylvania will be indispensable; whether we contemplate the situation of those, who are connected with the execution of the laws; or of others who may have exposed themselves by an honorable attachment to them.
Thirty days from the commencement of this session, being the legal limitation of the employment of the militia, Congress cannot be too early occupied with this subject.
Among the discussions, which may arise from this aspect of our affairs, and from the documents which will be submitted to Congress, it will not escape their observation, that not only the inspector of the revenue, but other officers of the United States in Pennsylvania have, from their fidelity in the discharge of their functions, sustained material injuries to their property. The obligation and policy of indemnifying them are strong and obvious. It may also merit attention, whether policy will not enlarge this provision to the retribution of other citizens, who, though not under the ties of office, may have suffered damage by their generous exertions for upholding the constitution and the laws. The amount, even if all the injured were included, would not be great; and on future emergencies, the government would be amply repaid by the influence of an example, that he, who incurs a loss in its defence shall find a recompense in its liberality.
While there is cause to lament, that occurrences of this nature should have disgraced the name, or interrupted the tranquillity of any part of our community, or should have diverted to a new application, any portion of the public resources, there are not wanting real and substantial consolations for the misfortune. It has demonstrated, that our prosperity rests on solid foundations; by furnishing an additional proof, that my fellow citizens understand the true principles of government and liberty: that they feel their inseparable union: that notwithstanding all the devices which have been used to sway them from their interest and duty, they are now as ready to maintain the authority of the laws against licentious invasions, as they were to defend their rights against usurpation. It has been a spectacle, displaying to the highest advantage, the value of Republican Government, to behold the most and least wealthy of our citizens standing in the same ranks as private soldiers; pre-eminently distinguished by being the army of the constitution; undeterred by a march of three hundred miles over rugged mountains, by the approach of an inclement season, or by any other discouragement. Nor ought I to omit to acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic co-operation, which I have experienced from the chief magistrates of the states, to which my requisitions have been addressed.
To every description, indeed, of citizens let praise be given. But let them persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of American happiness, the constitution of the United States. Let them cherish it too, for the sake of those, who from every clime are daily seeking a dwelling in our land. And when in the calm moments of reflection, they shall have retraced the origin and progress of the insurrection, let them determine, whether it has not been fomented by combinations of men, who, careless of consequences, and disregarding the unerring truth, that those who rouse, cannot always appease a civil convulsion, have disseminated, from an ignorance or version of facts, suspicions, jealousies, and accusations of the whole government.
Having thus fulfilled the engagement, which I took, when I entered into office, "to the best of my ability to preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States," on you, Gentlemen, and the people by whom you are deputed, I rely for support.
In the arrangements, to which the possibility of a similar contingency will naturally draw your attention, it ought not to be forgotten, that the militia laws have exhibited such striking defects, as could not have been supplied but by the zeal of our citizens. Besides the extraordinary expense and waste, which are not the least of the defects, every appeal to those laws is attended with a doubt of its success.
The devising and establishing of a well regulated militia, would be a genuine source of legislative honor, and a perfect title to public gratitude. I, therefore, entertain a hope, that the present session will not pass, without carrying to its full energy the power of organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia; and thus providing, in the language of the constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.
As auxiliary to the state of our defence, to which Congress can never too frequently recur, they will not omit to enquire whether the fortifications, which have been already licensed by law, be commensurate with our exigencies.
The intelligence from the army, under the command of general Wayne, is a happy presage to our military operations against the hostile Indians north of the Ohio. From the advices which have been forwarded, the advance which he has made must have damped the ardor of the savages, and weakened their obstinacy in waging war against the United States. And yet, even at this late hour, when our power to punish them cannot be questioned, we shall not be unwilling to cement a lasting peace, upon terms of candor, equity, and good neighborhood.
Towards none of the Indian tribes have overtures of friendship been spared. The Creeks in particular are covered from encroachment by the interposition of the General Government and that of Georgia. From a desire also to remove the discontents of the Six Nations, a settlement, meditated at Presqu'isle on Lake Erie, has been suspended; and an agent is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception, into which they may have fallen. But I cannot refrain from again pressing upon your deliberations, the plan which I recommended at the last session, for the improvement of harmony with all the Indians within our limits, by the fixing and conducting of trading houses, upon the principles then expressed.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: The time, which has elapsed, since the commencement of our fiscal measures, has developed our pecuniary resources, so as to open a way for a definitive plan for the redemption of the public debt. It is believed, that the result is such, as to encourage Congress to consummate this work, without delay. Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation, and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents. Indeed whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public credit, cannot be benefited by procrastination; and as far as may be practicable, we ought to place that credit on grounds which cannot be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all governments.
An estimate of the necessary appropriations, including the expenditures into which we have been driven by the insurrection, will be submitted to Congress.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: The mint of the United States has entered upon the coinage of the precious metals; and considerable sums of defective coins and bullion have been lodged with the director by individuals. There is a pleasing prospect that the institution will, at no remote day, realize the expectation which was originally formed of its utility.
In subsequent communications, certain circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations, will be transmitted to Congress. However, it may not be unseasonable to announce that my policy in our foreign transactions has been, to cultivate peace with all the world; to observe treaties with pure and absolute faith; to check every deviation from the line of impartiality; to explain what may have been misapprehended, and correct what may have been injurious to any nation; and having thus acquired the right, to lose no time in acquiring the ability, to insist upon justice being done to ourselves.
Let us unite, therefore, in imploring the Supreme Ruler of nations, to spread his holy protection over these United States: to turn the machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our constitution: to enable us at all times to root out internal sedition, and put invasion to flight: to perpetuate to our country that prosperity, which his goodness has already conferred, and to verify the anticipations of this government being a safe guard to human rights.
Original
During the session of the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety, it was expedient to exercise the legislative power, granted by the constitution of the United States, "to lay and collect excises." In a majority of the States, scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first conceived, until they were banished by reason and patriotism. In the four western counties of Pennsylvania, a prejudice, fostered and embittered by the artifice of men, who labored for an ascendency over the will of others, by the guidance of their passions, produced symptoms of riot and violence. It is well known, that Congress did not hesitate to examine the complaints which were presented, and to relieve them, as far as justice dictated, or general convenience would permit, But the impression, which this moderation made on the discontented, did not correspond, with what it deserved. The arts of delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing individuals.
The very forbearance to press prosecutions was misinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the laws; and associations of men began to denounce threats against the officers employed. From a belief, that by a more formal concert, their operation might be defeated, certain self-created societies 36 assumed the tone of condemnation. Hence, while the greater part of Pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts of excise, a few counties were resolved to frustrate them. It was now perceived, that every expectation from the tenderness which had been hitherto pursued, was unavailing, and that further delay could only create an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the government. Legal process was, therefore, delivered to the marshal, against the rioters and delinquent distillers.
No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty, than the vengeance of armed men was aimed at his person, and the person and property of the inspector of the revenue. They fired upon the marshal, arrested him, and detained him for some time, as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy of his life, to renounce the service of other process, on the west side of the Allegeny mountain; and a deputation was afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he had served. A numerous body repeatedly attacked the house of the inspector, seized his papers of office, and finally destroyed by fire, his buildings, and whatsoever they contained. Both of these officers, from a just regard to their safety, fled to the seat of government; it being avowed, that the motives to such outrages were to compel the resignation of the inspector, to withstand by force of arms the authority of the United States, and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws of excise, and an alteration in the conduct of government.
Upon the testimony of these facts, an associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States notified to me, that "in the counties of Washington and Allegeny, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States were opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed by combinations, too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshal of that district." On this call, momentous in the extreme, I sought and weighed, what might best subdue the crisis. On the one hand, the judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws; crimes, which reached the very existence of social order, were perpetrated without controul, the friends of government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence, or an apparent acquiescence; and the yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of the United States, would be to violate the fundamental principle of our constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On the other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the dishonor of such excesses, to encounter the expense, and other embarrassments of so distant an expedition, were steps too delicate, too closely interwoven with many affecting considerations, to be lightly adopted. I postponed, therefore, the summoning of the militia immediately into the field. But I required them to be held in readiness, that if my anxious endeavours to reclaim the deluded, and to convince the malignant of their danger, should be fruitless, military force might be prepared to act, before the season should be too far advanced.
My Proclamation of the 7th of August last was accordingly issued, and accompanied by the appointment of Commissioners, who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection. They were authorized to confer with any bodies of men, or individuals. They were instructed to be candid and explicit, in stating the sensations, which had been excited in the Executive, and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to coercion. To represent, however, that without submission, coercion must be the resort; but to invite them, at the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of the executive power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the government of the United States, and that of Pennsylvania, upon no other condition, than a satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws.
Although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and abilities, and must unite all virtuous men, by shewing, that the means of conciliation have been exhausted, all of those who had committed or abetted the tumults, did not subscribe the mild form, which was proposed, as the atonement; and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither sufficiently general, nor conclusive, to recommend or warrant, a further suspension of the march of the militia.
Thus, the painful alternative could not be discarded. I ordered the militia to march, after once more admonishing the insurgents, in my proclamation of the 25th of September last.
It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision, the lowest degree of force, competent to the quelling of the insurrection. From a respect, indeed, to oeconomy, and the ease of my fellow citizens belonging to the militia, it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My very reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition, had its extent been accurately seen, would have been a decided inducement to the smallest efficient numbers. In this uncertainty, therefore, I put in motion fifteen thousand men, as being an army, which, according to all human calculation, would be prompt, and adequate in every view; and might perhaps, by rendering resistance desperate, prevent the effusion of blood. Quotas had been assigned to the states of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; the governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasion, an opinion which justified a requisition to the other states.
As commander in chief of the militia, when called into the actual service of the United States, I have visited the places of general rendezvous, to obtain more exact information, and to direct a plan for ulterior movements. Had there been room for a persuasion, that the laws were secure from obstruction; that the civil magistrate was able to bring to justice such of the most culpable, as have not embraced the proffered terms of amnesty, and may be deemed fit objects of example; that the friends to peace and good government were not in need of that aid and countenance, which they ought always to receive, and I trust, ever will receive, against the vicious and turbulent; I should have caught with avidity the opportunity of restoring the militia to their families and home. But succeeding intelligence has tended to manifest the necessity of what has been done; it being now confessed by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill-conduct of the insurgents, that their malevolence was not pointed merely to a particular law; but that a spirit, inimical to all order, has actuated many of the offenders. If the state of things had afforded reason for the continuance of my presence with the army, it would not have been withholden. But every appearance assuring such an issue, as will redound to the reputation and strength of the United States, I have judged it most proper, to resume my duties at the seat of government, leaving the chief command with the governor of Virginia.
Still, however, as it is probable, that in a commotion like the present, whatsoever may be the pretence, the purposes of mischief and revenge may not be laid aside; the stationing of a small force for a certain period in the four western counties of Pennsylvania will be indispensable; whether we contemplate the situation of those, who are connected with the execution of the laws; or of others who may have exposed themselves by an honorable attachment to them.
Thirty days from the commencement of this session, being the legal limitation of the employment of the militia, Congress cannot be too early occupied with this subject.
Among the discussions, which may arise from this aspect of our affairs, and from the documents which will be submitted to Congress, it will not escape their observation, that not only the inspector of the revenue, but other officers of the United States in Pennsylvania have, from their fidelity in the discharge of their functions, sustained material injuries to their property. The obligation and policy of indemnifying them are strong and obvious. It may also merit attention, whether policy will not enlarge this provision to the retribution of other citizens, who, though not under the ties of office, may have suffered damage by their generous exertions for upholding the constitution and the laws. The amount, even if all the injured were included, would not be great; and on future emergencies, the government would be amply repaid by the influence of an example, that he, who incurs a loss in its defence shall find a recompense in its liberality.
While there is cause to lament, that occurrences of this nature should have disgraced the name, or interrupted the tranquillity of any part of our community, or should have diverted to a new application, any portion of the public resources, there are not wanting real and substantial consolations for the misfortune. It has demonstrated, that our prosperity rests on solid foundations; by furnishing an additional proof, that my fellow citizens understand the true principles of government and liberty: that they feel their inseparable union: that notwithstanding all the devices which have been used to sway them from their interest and duty, they are now as ready to maintain the authority of the laws against licentious invasions, as they were to defend their rights against usurpation. It has been a spectacle, displaying to the highest advantage, the value of Republican Government, to behold the most and least wealthy of our citizens standing in the same ranks as private soldiers; pre-eminently distinguished by being the army of the constitution; undeterred by a march of three hundred miles over rugged mountains, by the approach of an inclement season, or by any other discouragement. Nor ought I to omit to acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic co-operation, which I have experienced from the chief magistrates of the states, to which my requisitions have been addressed.
To every description, indeed, of citizens let praise be given. But let them persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of American happiness, the constitution of the United States. Let them cherish it too, for the sake of those, who from every clime are daily seeking a dwelling in our land. And when in the calm moments of reflection, they shall have retraced the origin and progress of the insurrection, let them determine, whether it has not been fomented by combinations of men, who, careless of consequences, and disregarding the unerring truth, that those who rouse, cannot always appease a civil convulsion, have disseminated, from an ignorance or version of facts, suspicions, jealousies, and accusations of the whole government.
Having thus fulfilled the engagement, which I took, when I entered into office, "to the best of my ability to preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States," on you, Gentlemen, and the people by whom you are deputed, I rely for support.
In the arrangements, to which the possibility of a similar contingency will naturally draw your attention, it ought not to be forgotten, that the militia laws have exhibited such striking defects, as could not have been supplied but by the zeal of our citizens. Besides the extraordinary expense and waste, which are not the least of the defects, every appeal to those laws is attended with a doubt of its success.
The devising and establishing of a well regulated militia, would be a genuine source of legislative honor, and a perfect title to public gratitude. I, therefore, entertain a hope, that the present session will not pass, without carrying to its full energy the power of organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia; and thus providing, in the language of the constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.
As auxiliary to the state of our defence, to which Congress can never too frequently recur, they will not omit to enquire whether the fortifications, which have been already licensed by law, be commensurate with our exigencies.
The intelligence from the army, under the command of general Wayne, is a happy presage to our military operations against the hostile Indians north of the Ohio. From the advices which have been forwarded, the advance which he has made must have damped the ardor of the savages, and weakened their obstinacy in waging war against the United States. And yet, even at this late hour, when our power to punish them cannot be questioned, we shall not be unwilling to cement a lasting peace, upon terms of candor, equity, and good neighborhood.
Towards none of the Indian tribes have overtures of friendship been spared. The Creeks in particular are covered from encroachment by the interposition of the General Government and that of Georgia. From a desire also to remove the discontents of the Six Nations, a settlement, meditated at Presqu'isle on Lake Erie, has been suspended; and an agent is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception, into which they may have fallen. But I cannot refrain from again pressing upon your deliberations, the plan which I recommended at the last session, for the improvement of harmony with all the Indians within our limits, by the fixing and conducting of trading houses, upon the principles then expressed.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: The time, which has elapsed, since the commencement of our fiscal measures, has developed our pecuniary resources, so as to open a way for a definitive plan for the redemption of the public debt. It is believed, that the result is such, as to encourage Congress to consummate this work, without delay. Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation, and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents. Indeed whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public credit, cannot be benefited by procrastination; and as far as may be practicable, we ought to place that credit on grounds which cannot be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all governments.
An estimate of the necessary appropriations, including the expenditures into which we have been driven by the insurrection, will be submitted to Congress.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: The mint of the United States has entered upon the coinage of the precious metals; and considerable sums of defective coins and bullion have been lodged with the director by individuals. There is a pleasing prospect that the institution will, at no remote day, realize the expectation which was originally formed of its utility.
In subsequent communications, certain circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations, will be transmitted to Congress. However, it may not be unseasonable to announce that my policy in our foreign transactions has been, to cultivate peace with all the world; to observe treaties with pure and absolute faith; to check every deviation from the line of impartiality; to explain what may have been misapprehended, and correct what may have been injurious to any nation; and having thus acquired the right, to lose no time in acquiring the ability, to insist upon justice being done to ourselves.
Let us unite, therefore, in imploring the Supreme Ruler of nations, to spread his holy protection over these United States: to turn the machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our constitution: to enable us at all times to root out internal sedition, and put invasion to flight: to perpetuate to our country that prosperity, which his goodness has already conferred, and to verify the anticipations of this government being a safe guard to human rights.
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