(revisando)
El Congreso de los Estados Unidos, iniciado y llevado a cabo en la Ciudad de Nueva York el miércoles, cuatro de marzo de mil setecientos ochenta y nueve.
El Congreso de los Estados Unidos, iniciado y llevado a cabo en la Ciudad de Nueva York el miércoles, cuatro de marzo de mil setecientos ochenta y nueve.
CAPÍTULO XX. Acta para establecer los Tribunales
Judiciales de los Estados Unidos.
SECCIÓN 1. Sea decretado por el Senado y la Cámara
de Representantes de los Estados Unidos de América, reunidos en Congreso, que
la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos se compondrá de un Juez Presidente y
cinco jueces asociados, cualquiera de los cuales cuatro se requerirá para un
quórum, y celebrarán anualmente en la sede dos reuniones de gobierno, una que
comienza el primer lunes de febrero y otra el primer lunes de agosto. Que los
jueces asociados tendrán precedencia según la fecha de su comisión, o cuando
las comisiones de dos o más de ellos tengan fecha del mismo día, de acuerdo a
sus respectivas edades.
SEC 2. Y que sea además promulgado, Que los Estados
Unidos será y por la presente divididos en trece distritos, limitados y
llamados como sigue, a saber: uno que consistirá en la parte del estado de
Massachusetts que se encuentra hacia el este del Estado de New Hampshire y será
llamado Distrito de Maine; uno que consistirá en el Estado de New Hampshire y
será llamado Distrito de New Hampshire; uno que consistirá en la parte restante
del Estado de Massachusetts y será llamado Distrito de Massachusetts; uno que
consistirá en el Estado de Connecticut y será llamado Distrito de Connecticut;
uno que consistirá en el Estado de Nueva York y será llamado Distrito de Nueva
York; uno que consistirá en el Estado de Nueva Jersey y será llamado Distrito
de Nueva Jersey; uno que consistirá en el Estado de Pennsylvania y será llamado
Distrito de Pennsylvania; uno que consistirá en el Estado de Delaware y será
llamado Distrito de Delaware; uno que consistirá en el Estado de Maryland y será
llamado Distrito de Maryland; uno que consistirá en el Estado de Virginia, a
excepción de la parte llamada el Distrito de Kentucky, y que se llamará Distrito
de Virginia; uno que consistirá en la parte restante del Estado de Virginia y
será llamado Distrito de Kentucky; uno que consistirá en el Estado de Carolina
del Sur y será llamado Distrito de Carolina del Sur; y uno que consistirá en el
Estado de Georgia y será llamado Distrito de Georgia.
SEC 3. Y sea además promulgado que haya un tribunal
llamado Tribunal de Distrito en cada uno de los distritos antes mencionados
compuesto por un juez, quien deberá residir en el distrito para el cual ha sido
nombrado; y será llamado Juez del Distrito, y celebrarán anualmente cuatro
sesiones, la primera de ellas se iniciará de la siguiente manera, a saber: en
los distritos de Nueva York y de Nueva Jersey la primera, en el distrito de
Pennsylvania la segunda, en el distrito de Connecticut la tercera, y en el
distrito de Delaware la cuarta los martes del siguiente noviembre; en los
distritos de Massachusetts, Maine, y de Maryland la primera, en el distrito de
Georgia la segunda, y en los distritos de New Hampshire, de Virginia, y de
Kentucky la tercera los martes del del siguiente diciembre; y las otras tres
sesiones de forma progresiva en los distritos respectivos los martes de cada
tercer mes posterior, y en el distrito de Carolina del Sur en el tercer lunes
de marzo y septiembre, el primer lunes de julio, y el segundo lunes de
diciembre de todos y cada uno de los años a partir del próximo diciembre; y que
el Juez de Distrito tendrá facultades para celebrar tribunales especiales a su
discreción. Que la Corte de Distrito señaladas se celebrarán en los lugares
siguientes, a saber: en el distrito de Maine, en Portland y Pownalsborough,
alternativamente a partir del primero; en el distrito de New Hampshire, en
Exeter y Portsmouth, alternativamente a partir del primero; en el distrito de
Massachusetts, en Boston y Salem, alternativamente a partir del primero; en el
distrito de Connecticut alternativamente en Hartford y New Haven a partir del
primero; en el distrito de Nueva York, en Nueva York; en el distrito de Nueva
Jersey alternativamente en Nueva Brunswick y Burlington a partir del primero;
en el distrito de Pennsylvania, en Filadelfia y la ciudad de York
alternativamente a partir del primero; en el distrito de Delaware alternativamente
en Newcastle y Dover a partir del primero; en el distrito de Maryland alternativamente
en Baltimore y Easton a partir del primero; en el distrito de Virginia
alternativamente en Richmond y Williamsburgh a partir del primero; en el
distrito de Kentucky, en Harrodsburgh; en el distrito de Carolina del Sur, en
Charleston; y en el distrito de Georgia alternativamente en Savannah y Augusta
a partir del primero; y que los tribunales especiales se celebrarán en el mismo
lugar en cada distrito como los tribunales establecidos, o en distritos que
tienen dos, en cualquiera de ellos, a discreción del juez, o en cualquier otro
lugar en el distrito, en la medida que la naturaleza de la empresa y de su
discreción lo requiera. Y que en los distritos que no tienen más que un lugar
para la celebración de la Corte de Distrito, los registros de los mismos se
mantendrán en ese lugar; y en los distritos que tienen dos, en ese lugar en
cada distrito el cual el juez nombrará.
SEC 4. Y que sea además promulgado, Que los
distritos antes mencionados, excepto los de Maine y Kentucky, se dividirán en
tres circuitos, y ser llamado el este, el centro y el circuito sur. Que la
región del oriente estará formado por los distritos de Nueva Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Connecticut y Nueva York; que el circuito intermedio estará
formado por los distritos de Nueva Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland y
Virginia; y que el circuito sur estará formado por los distritos de Carolina
del Sur y Georgia, y que no podrán ser declarados anualmente en cada distrito
de dichos circuitos, dos tribunales, que se denominarán Tribunales de Circuito,
y estará integrado por dos jueces de la Suprema Corte y el juez de distrito de
tales distritos, dos de los cuales formarán quórum: Disponiéndose, que ningún
juez de distrito dará un voto en cualquier caso de apelación o error de su
propia decisión; pero podrán asignar las razones de tales su decisión.
SEC. . 5 Y que sea además promulgado, Que la primera
sesión de la corte de dicho circuito en los varios distritos comenzará a las
horas siguientes, a saber: en Nueva Jersey en el segundo, en Nueva York en el
cuarto, en Pennsylvania en el undécimo , en Connecticut en el vigésimo segundo,
y en Delaware en el vigésimo séptimo, días de abril próximos; en Massachusetts
en la tercera, en Maryland en la séptima, en Carolina del Sur en el duodécimo,
en New Hampshire a los veinte, en Virginia en el vigésimo segundo, y en Georgia
en el vigésimo octavo, día de mayo siguiente, y el sesiones posteriores en los
distritos respectivos en los días como de cada sexto mes calendario después,
excepto en Carolina del Sur, donde la sesión de dicho tribunal comenzará en la
primera, y en Georgia, donde comenzará el día diecisiete de octubre, y excepto
cuando alguno de esos días se sucederá el domingo, y luego la sesión comenzará
el día siguiente a. Y las sesiones de la corte de circuito dicho se celebrarán
en el distrito de New Hampshire, en el Portsmouth y Exeter, alternativamente, a
partir de la primera; en el distrito de Massachusetts, en Boston; en el
distrito de Connecticut, alternativamente en Hartford y New Haven, a partir de
la última; en el distrito de Nueva York, alternativamente en Nueva York y
Albany, a partir de la primera; en el distrito de Nueva Jersey, en Trenton; en
el distrito de Pennsylvania, alternativamente en Filadelfia y Yorktown, a partir
de la primera; en el distrito de Delaware, alternativamente en New Castle y
Dover, a partir de la primera; en el distrito de Maryland, alternativamente en
Annapolis y Easton, a partir de la primera; en el distrito de Virginia,
alternativamente en Charlottesville y Williamsburgh, a partir de la primera; en
el distrito de Carolina del Sur, alternativamente en Columbia y Charleston, a
partir de la primera; y en el distrito de Georgia, alternativamente en Savannah
y Augusta, a partir de la primera. Y los tribunales de circuito tendrán poder
para realizar sesiones especiales para el estudio de las causas penales en
cualquier otro momento, a su discreción, oa discreción de la Corte Suprema.
SEC. . 6 Y que sea además promulgado, Que la Corte
Suprema podrá, por uno o varios de sus magistrados estén presentes, se levantó
la sesión de día en día hasta que se convoque el quórum; y que un tribunal de
circuito también puede ser aplazada en el día a día por cualquiera de sus
jueces, o si no hay ninguna, por el mariscal del distrito hasta que se convoque
el quórum; y que un tribunal de distrito, en el caso de la incapacidad del juez
para asistir al comienzo de una sesión, puede, en virtud de orden escrita de
dicha juez, dirigida al comisario del distrito, se aplazó por dicho mariscal
tal día, será nombrado antecedente a la próxima sesión declarado de dicho
órgano jurisdiccional, como la mencionada orden; y en el caso del fallecimiento
de dicho juez, y su vacante no se está suministrando, todos los procesos, las
alegaciones y procedimientos de lo que pidiereis naturaleza, pendientes ante
dicho tribunal, se continuará, por supuesto, hasta la próxima sesión se indica
después de la designación y la aceptación de la oficina por su sucesor.
SEC. 7. Y ya sea [más] promulgado, Que la Corte
Suprema y los tribunales de distrito tendrán poder para nombrar encargados por
sus respectivos tribunales, y que el secretario de cada tribunal de distrito
será secretario también del tribunal de circuito en dicho distrito, y cada uno
de dichos empleados deberán, antes de entrar en el desempeño de su cargo, el
siguiente juramento o afirmación, a saber: "Yo, AB, siendo nombrado
secretario, juro solemnemente, o afirmar, que realmente yo quiero y fielmente
entrar y registrar todas las órdenes, decretos, sentencias y actuaciones del
referido Tribunal, y que fiel e imparcialmente voy a cumplir y llevar a cabo
todos los deberes de mi dicho cargo, de acuerdo con la mejor de mis habilidades
y entendimiento. Así me ayude Dios . "¿Qué decir, que Dios me ayude, se
omitirá en todos los casos en que una afirmación es admitido en lugar de un
juramento. Y dichos empleados serán también solidariamente prestará fianza con
garantías suficientes, (a ser aprobado por el Supremo y los tribunales de
distrito, respectivamente) a los Estados Unidos, en la suma de dos mil dólares,
desempeñar fielmente los deberes de su cargo, y estacionalmente para registrar
los decretos, resoluciones y determinaciones del tribunal del que es
dependiente.
SEC. . 8 Y que sea además promulgado, Que los jueces
de la Corte Suprema y los jueces de distrito, antes de proceder a la ejecución
de los deberes de sus respectivos cargos, prestarán el siguiente juramento o
afirmación, a saber: "Yo, AB, hacer juro solemnemente y afirmo que, que voy
a administrar justicia sin acepción de personas, y hacer el mismo derecho a los
pobres y para los ricos, y que fiel e imparcialmente voy a cumplir y llevar a
cabo todas las tareas asignadas en mí como, de acuerdo a lo mejor de mis
habilidades y conocimiento, conforme á la Constitución y leyes de los Estados
Unidos. Así Dios me ayude ".
SEC. 9. Y que sea además promulgado, Que los
tribunales de distrito tendrán, en exclusiva de los tribunales de los distintos
Estados, conocer de todos los delitos y faltas que serán reconocido en virtud
de la autoridad de los Estados Unidos, cometidos dentro de sus respectivos
distritos, o sobre alta mar; donde ningún otro castigo que los azotes, que no
exceda de treinta rayas, una multa que no exceda de cien dólares, o una pena de
prisión no superior a seis meses, no debe ser infringido; y tendrá también
exclusivo conocimiento original de todas las causas civiles de almirantazgo y
jurisdicción marítima, incluidas todas las incautaciones bajo las leyes de
impuesto, la navegación o el comercio de los Estados Unidos, donde se realizan
los ataques, en aguas que son navegables desde el mar por buques de diez o más
toneladas burthen, dentro de sus respectivos distritos, así como en alta mar;
salvar a los pretendientes, en todos los casos, el derecho de un recurso de
derecho consuetudinario en que el derecho consuetudinario es competente para
ello; y tendrá también exclusivo conocimiento original de todas las
convulsiones en la tierra, o de otras aguas que como se ha dicho, hecho, y de
todos los juicios por multas y decomisos efectuados, en virtud de las leyes de
los Estados Unidos. Y también tendrá conocimiento, concurrente con los
tribunales de los distintos Estados, oa los tribunales de circuito, como sea el
caso, de todas las causas en que un extranjero demanda por un agravio sólo en
violación de la ley de las naciones o un tratado de los Estados Unidos. Y
también tendrá conocimiento, concurrente en último mencionado, de todos los
juicios de derecho consuetudinario en que el sue Estados Unidos, y el asunto en
cantidades de litigios, los exclusivos de los costos, a la suma o valor de cien
dólares. Y también será competente exclusivamente por los tribunales de los
distintos Estados, de todas las demandas en contra de los cónsules o vicecónsules,
excepto por delitos anteriores, la designación mencionada. Y el juicio de las
cuestiones de hecho, en los tribunales de distrito, en todas las causas, menos
las causas civiles de almirantazgo y jurisdicción marítima, será por jurado.
SEC. 10. Y que sea además promulgado, Que el
tribunal de distrito en el distrito de Kentucky tendrá, además de las antes
mencionada jurisdicción, jurisdicción de cualquier otra causa, excepto de
apelaciones y autos de error, en lo sucesivo hecho enjuiciable en un tribunal
de circuito, y procederá en el mismo en la misma manera que un tribunal de
circuito, y autos de error y las apelaciones contra las resoluciones en el
mismo a la Corte Suprema en las mismas causas, a partir de un corte de circuito
de la Corte Suprema, y bajo las mismas regulaciones. Y el tribunal de distrito
en el distrito de Maine deberá, además de la jurisdicción en el presente
documento antes concedida, tendrá jurisdicción en todas las causas, menos de
apelaciones y autos de error en este documento después de hechas cognoscible en
un tribunal de circuito, y procederá en el mismo en la misma manera que un
tribunal de circuito : Y autos de error serán echados de las decisiones en ella
a la corte de circuito en el distrito de Massachusetts en la misma manera que a
otros tribunales de distrito a sus respectivos tribunales de circuito.
SEC. 11. Y que sea además promulgado, Que los
tribunales de circuito tendrán conocimiento original, concurrente con los
tribunales de los distintos Estados, de todos los juicios de carácter civil en
el derecho común o en el patrimonio neto, en el que el objeto de la
controversia excede, sin incluir los costos de , la suma o valor de quinientos
dólares, y Estados Unidos son los demandantes, o peticionarios; o un extranjero
es una de las partes, o el traje es entre un ciudadano del Estado en que se
presentó la demanda, y un ciudadano de otro Estado. Y tendrán conocimiento
exclusivo de todos los crímenes y delitos cuya competencia está bajo la
autoridad de los Estados Unidos, salvo que esta ley disponga otra cosa, o las
leyes de los Estados Unidos en los demás casos directa, y la jurisdicción
concurrente con los tribunales de distrito de los crímenes y delitos
cognoscible en el mismo. Pero nadie podrá ser arrestado en un distrito para el
juicio en otro, en cualquier acción civil ante un tribunal de circuito o
distrito. Y ninguna demanda civil, el recurso ante cualquiera de dichos
tribunales en contra de un habitante de los Estados Unidos, por cualquier
procedimiento original en cualquier otro distrito de eso de lo cual él es un
habitante, o en el que se encuentra en el momento de servir el recurso , ni
ningún distrito o tribunal de circuito tiene conocimiento de cualquier demanda
para recuperar el contenido de cualquier pagaré u otra cosa en la acción a
favor de un cesionario, a menos que un traje puede ser procesado en dicho
tribunal para recuperar dichos contenidos si no hay asignación se había hecho,
excepto en los casos de letras de cambio extranjeras. Y los tribunales de circuito
y tendrán también jurisdicción de apelación de los tribunales de distrito bajo
las regulaciones y restricciones previstas en adelante.
SEC. 12. Y que sea además promulgado, Que si un
juego se iniciará en cualquier tribunal estatal contra un extranjero, o por un
ciudadano del estado en el que la demanda se dirige contra un ciudadano de otro
Estado, y el asunto en disputa excede el mencionado anteriormente suma o valor
de quinientos dólares, sin incluir los costos, que se hizo comparecer a satisfacción
del tribunal; y el demandado deberá, en el momento de entrar en su aparición en
dicho tribunal estatal, presentar una petición para la eliminación de la causa
para el juicio en el próximo corte de circuito, que se celebrará en el distrito
donde está pendiente la demanda, o si en el distrito de Maine a la corte de
distrito junto al ser detenido en la misma, o si en el distrito de Kentucky a
la corte de distrito junto al ser detenido en el mismo, y ofrecen garantía
válida y suficiente para su inscripción en dicho tribunal, en el primer día de
sus sesiones, copias de dicho proceso en su contra, y también por su
manifestación y por no entrar en la fianza especial en la causa, si la fianza
especial fue requerida inicialmente en el mismo, se hará, entonces, el deber de
la corte estatal de aceptar la fianza, y no avanzar en la causa , y cualquier
fianza que haya adoptado originalmente quedará liberado, y dichas copias se
introduce como se ha dicho, de tal tribunal de los Estados Unidos, la causa se
haya proceder de la misma manera que si hubiera sido llevado allí por el
proceso original . Y cualquier archivo adjunto de los productos o bienes de la
demandada por el proceso original, celebrará los bienes o inmuebles de manera
adjunta, para responder a la sentencia definitiva en la misma forma que las
leyes de tal Estado, habrían sido sustentado para responder juicio final , de
haber sido dictada por el tribunal en el que la demanda se inició. Y si en
cualquier acción iniciada en un tribunal estatal, el título de la tierra se
refiere, y las partes son ciudadanos del mismo estado, y la cosa en litigio la
suma o valor de quinientos dólares, sin incluir los gastos, la suma o valor que
se hizo comparecer a satisfacción del tribunal, cualquiera de las partes, antes
del juicio, se hará constar en la corte y hacer declaración jurada si lo
requieren, que, según él, y se basarán en un derecho o título de la tierra,
gracias a una subvención de un estado distinto de aquel en el que la demanda
está pendiente, y producir la concesión original o una ejemplificación de la
misma, salvo que la pérdida de los registros públicos se puso fuera de su
poder, y que se trasladará a la parte contraria a informar al tribunal, si
alega un derecho o título sobre la tierra bajo un subsidio del estado en el que
la demanda está pendiente; dicho adverso [partido] dará dicha información, o de
lo contrario no se le permitirá alegar tal subvención, o darlo en evidencia en
el juicio, y si se informa que él no reclamar en dicha concesión, la parte que solicita
en virtud del subsidio mencionado en primer lugar puede entonces, en
movimiento, eliminar la causa para el juicio al siguiente corte de circuito que
se sustentó en dicho distrito, o si, en el distrito de Maine, a la corte junto
al ser detenido en el mismo; o si en el distrito de Kentucky, a la corte de
distrito junto al ser detenido en el mismo; pero si es el demandado, deberá
hacerlo bajo las mismas normas que en el caso antes mencionado de la
eliminación de una causa en dicho tribunal por un extranjero; y ninguna de las
partes de eliminar la causa, se le permitió declararse o dar evidencia de
cualquier otro título que por él se indica como se ha dicho, como el fundamento
de su afirmación; y el ensayo de las cuestiones de hecho, en los tribunales de distrito
deberá, en todos los juicios, excepto los de la equidad y de almirantazgo y
jurisdicción marítima, será por jurado.
SEC. . 13 Y que sea además promulgado, Que el
Tribunal Supremo tendrá jurisdicción exclusiva de todas las controversias de
naturaleza civil, cuando un Estado es parte, sino entre un Estado y sus
ciudadanos; y salvo también entre un Estado y los ciudadanos de otros estados o
extranjeros, en cuyo último caso se tendrá jurisdicción original, pero no
exclusiva. Y tendrán exclusivamente toda esa jurisdicción de demanda o proceso
judicial contra los embajadores u otros ministros públicos, o sus criados, o en
el servicio doméstico, como un tribunal de justicia puede tener o ejercer de
manera compatible con el derecho de gentes; y la jurisdicción original, pero no
exclusiva de todas las demandas presentadas por los embajadores u otros
ministros públicos, o en los que un cónsul o vicecónsul, será una fiesta. Y el
juicio de las cuestiones de hecho en el Tribunal Supremo, en todas las acciones
legales en contra de los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos, será por jurado. El
Tribunal Supremo tendrá también jurisdicción de apelación de los tribunales de
distrito y tribunales de los diversos estados, en los casos en lo sucesivo
especialmente previstos; y tendrá el poder de dictar órdenes de prohibición de
los tribunales de distrito, al proceder como tribunales de almirantazgo y
jurisdicción marítima y órdenes judiciales, en casos justifica por los
principios y usos de la ley, a cualquier tribunal nombrados, o las personas que
ocupan cargos, bajo la autoridad de los Estados Unidos.
SEC. 14. Y que sea además promulgado, Que todos los
tribunales antes mencionados de los Estados Unidos, tendrán poder para dictar
autos de facias SCIRE, habeas corpus, y todos los demás escritos no previstos
especialmente por la ley, que sean necesarias para la ejercicio de sus
respectivas competencias, y conforme a los principios y usos de la ley. Y que
ninguno de los jueces de la Corte Suprema, así como los jueces de los
tribunales de distrito, tendrán el poder de conceder autos de habeas corpus con
el propósito de una investigación sobre la causa del compromiso -.
Disponiéndose, que los recursos de habeas corpus en ningún caso extenderse a
los presos en la cárcel, a menos que donde están bajo custodia, por debajo o
por el color de la autoridad de los Estados Unidos, o se han comprometido a
juicio ante algún tribunal de la misma, o son necesarios para ser llevado a los
tribunales para declarar.
SEC. 15. Y que sea además promulgado, Que todos los
citados órganos jurisdiccionales de los Estados Unidos, tendrán el poder en el
juicio de las acciones en la ley, en el movimiento y la debida notificación de
los mismos está dado, a exigir a las partes que presenten los libros o escritos
en su poder o el poder, que contienen evidencia pertinente al tema, en los
casos y circunstancias en los que podrían ser obligados a producir el mismo por
las reglas ordinarias de procedimiento en la cancillería; y si un demandante
dejare de cumplir con dicha orden, para producir libros o escritos, que será
legal para los tribunales, respectivamente, en el movimiento, para dar el
juicio como para el acusado como en los casos de sobreseimiento; y si el
demandado dejare de cumplir con dicha orden, para producir libros o escritos,
que será legal para los tribunales, respectivamente, sobre el movimiento de
dicha manera, para dictar sentencia en su contra por defecto.
SEC. 16. Y que sea además promulgado, Que trajes en
el patrimonio neto no podrán ser sostenidos en cualquiera de los tribunales de
los Estados Unidos, en cualquier caso en remedio sencillo, adecuado y completo
se puede tener en la ley.
SEC. 17. Y que sea además promulgado, Que todos los
citados órganos jurisdiccionales de los Estados Unidos tendrán el poder de
conceder nuevos ensayos, en los casos en que ha habido un juicio con jurado por
razones de las que por lo general se han concedido nuevos juicios en los
tribunales de justicia ; y tendrá poder para imponer y administrar todos los
juramentos o afirmaciones necesarias, y para castigar con multa o prisión,
según el criterio de dichos tribunales, todos los desprecios de la autoridad en
cualquier causa o audiencia ante la misma; y para hacer y establecer todas las normas
necesarias para la realización de negocios ordenado en dichos tribunales,
siempre que tales normas no son repugnantes a las leyes de los Estados Unidos.
SEC. 18. Y que sea además promulgado, Que cuando en
un tribunal de circuito, se dictó sentencia en un veredicto en un juicio civil,
la ejecución no podrá en marcha de cualquiera de las partes, a discreción del
tribunal, así como sobre las condiciones para la seguridad de la parte adversa,
ya que pueden juzgar correctamente, se quedó cuarenta y dos días desde el
momento de celebrar el juicio, para dar tiempo a presentar en la oficina del
secretario de dicho tribunal, a petición de un nuevo juicio. Y si dicha
petición se haya presentado dentro de dicho plazo de cuarenta y dos días con un
certificado al respecto de cualquiera de los jueces de dicho tribunal, que
permite que el mismo que habrán de presentarse, que el certificado se puede
hacer o rechazar, a su discreción, la ejecución será, por supuesto, ser i cama
a la siguiente sesión de dicho tribunal. Y si se conceda un nuevo juicio, el
anterior fallo será por tanto sin efecto.
SEC. 19. Y que sea además promulgado, Que será el
deber de los tribunales de circuito, en las causas en el patrimonio neto y de
almirantazgo y jurisdicción marítima, para hacer que los hechos en los que
encontraron su sentencia o decreto, totalmente a aparecer en el expediente ya
sea desde los escritos y decreto en sí, o un estado de la causa acordado por
las partes o sus abogados, o si no están de acuerdo por una que indica de la
causa por el tribunal.
SEC. 20. Y que sea además promulgado, Que donde en
un tribunal de circuito, un demandante en una acción, originalmente trajo allí,
o uno de los solicitantes en el patrimonio neto, con excepción de los Estados
Unidos, se recupera menos que la suma o el valor de quinientos dólares, o un
libellant, sobre su propio atractivo, inferior a la suma o el valor de
trescientos dólares, él no estará autorizado, pero a discreción del tribunal,
puede ser juzgada a pagar los costos.
SEC. 21. Y que sea además promulgado, Que a partir
de decretos finales en un tribunal de distrito en causas de almirantazgo y
jurisdicción marítima, en el que el objeto de la controversia excede la suma o
el valor de trescientos dólares, sin incluir los gastos, una apelación se
permitirá que la próximo corte de circuito, que se celebrará en dicho distrito.
Siempre, sin embargo, que todos esos llamamientos de decretos finales, como
queda dicho, de la corte de distrito de Maine, se pondrán a la corte de
circuito, junto al ser detenido después de cada recurso en el distrito de
Massachusetts.
SEC. 22. Y que sea además promulgado, Que los
decretos y fallos en acciones civiles en un tribunal de distrito, donde la cosa
en litigio la suma o valor de cincuenta dólares, sin contar los costos, pueden
ser revisadas, y revierten o afirmadas en un circuito corte, holden en el mismo
distrito, en un auto de error en aquello se adjuntará y regresó con ella en el
día y lugar en él se menciona, una transcripción auténtica de su registro, la
cesión de los errores, y la oración de reposición, con una cita de la parte
adversa, firmada por el juez de dicho tribunal de distrito, o un juez de la
Corte Suprema de Justicia, la parte contraria tiene una antelación mínima de
veinte días. Y en un proceso similar, pueden sentencias y decretos finales en
acciones civiles, y trajes en el patrimonio neto en un tribunal de circuito,
llevado allí por un proceso original, o retirado allí desde los tribunales de
los distintos Estados, o retirado allí por apelación de un tribunal de distrito
donde la cosa en litigio la suma o valor de dos mil dólares, sin incluir los
gastos, ser objeto de revisión o revocada, o se afirma en la Corte Suprema, la
cita es en tal caso, firmada por un juez de dicho tribunal de circuito o juez
de Corte Suprema de Justicia, y la parte contraria que tiene una antelación
mínima de treinta días. Pero no habrá inversión, ya sea en el tribunal en tal
auto de error para el error en gobernar todos los motivos de la reducción, que
no sea una súplica a la jurisdicción de la corte, o como súplica para que una
petición o en equidad, como lo es en la naturaleza de una declinatoria, o por
cualquier error de hecho. Y autos de error no se cargarán, pero dentro de cinco
años después de la representación o emite el juicio o decreto se quejaron de, o
en caso de que la persona con derecho a dicho auto de error sea un bebé, feme
encubierta, non compos mentis, o presa, entonces dentro de de cinco años como
antes mencionado, sin contar el tiempo de dicha discapacidad. Y cada justicia o
juez firma una cita en cualquier auto de error de dicha manera, tendrán una
buena y suficiente seguridad, que el demandante en el error deberá procesar su
escrito a efecto, y responder de todos los daños y costes, si deja de hacer su
declaración de bien.
SEC. 23. Y que sea además promulgado, Que un auto de
error como se ha dicho será una ejecución de sobreseimiento y la estancia en
los casos sólo las que se sirve el auto de error, de una copia del mismo de su
presentación por la parte adversa en la oficina del secretario, donde el
registro sigue siendo, en el plazo de diez días, domingos exclusiva, después de
pronunciar la sentencia o pasar el decreto denunciado. Hasta la expiración de
dicho término de diez días, las ejecuciones no se expedirán en cualquier caso
en que un auto de error puede ser un sobreseimiento; y con lo cual tal auto de
error del Supremo o de un tribunal de circuito deberá afirmar una sentencia o
decreto, deberán adjudicar o decreto al demandado en el error sólo daños y
perjuicios por su tardanza, y los costos individuales o dobles a su discreción.
SEC. . 24 Y que sea además promulgado, Que cuando
una sentencia o decreto podrán compensarse en un tribunal de circuito, tal
tribunal procederá a hacer tal juicio o pasar dicho decreto ya que dicho
tribunal debería haber prestado o pasado; y la Corte Suprema deberá hacer lo
mismo en las inversiones en el mismo, excepto cuando la inversión es a favor de
la recurrente o solicitante en la demanda original, y los daños que deben
evaluarse o materia a ser decretado, son inciertas, en cuyo caso se deberá
devolver la causa para una decisión final. Y la Corte Suprema no emitirá
ejecución en las causas que se quitan delante de ellos de autos de error, pero
enviará un mandato especial de la corte de circuito para la ejecución de
adjudicación sobre el mismo.
SEC. 25. Y que sea además promulgado, Que una
sentencia firme o decreto en cualquier juicio, en el más alto tribunal de
justicia o equidad de un Estado en el que una decisión en la demanda podría ser
tenido, en donde se pone en duda la validez de un tratado o estatuto, o una
autoridad ejercerán en los Estados Unidos, y la decisión está en contra de su
validez; o cuando se pone en duda la validez de una ley, o una autoridad
ejercida en virtud de cualquier Estado, en el suelo de su ser repugnante a la
Constitución, los tratados o leyes de los Estados Unidos, y la decisión es a
favor de dicha su validez , o cuando se pone en duda la construcción de una
cláusula de la Constitución, o de un tratado, o estatuto de, o la comisión
celebrada bajo los Estados Unidos, y la decisión es en contra del título,
derecho, privilegio o exención creado especialmente o reclamada por cualquiera
de las partes, en virtud de dicha cláusula de dicha Constitución, tratado, ley
o comisión, podrán reexaminarse y revertidos o afirmados en la Corte Suprema de
los Estados Unidos en un auto de error, la cita está firmado por el presidente
del Tribunal Supremo o juez o canciller de la corte o de la prestación de pasar
la sentencia o decreto denunciado, o por un juez de la Corte Suprema de los
Estados Unidos, de la misma manera y bajo las mismas regulaciones, y el recurso
deben tener el mismo efecto, como si la sentencia o decreto se quejaron de se
habían rendido o pasado en un tribunal de circuito, y el procedimiento de la
inversión será también el mismo, salvo que el Tribunal Supremo, en lugar de
reenvió la causa para una decisión final, como antes se proporciona, puede a su
discreción, si la causa se haya remitido una vez antes, proceder a una
decisión final de la misma, y la ejecución de adjudicación. Pero se asignará
ningún otro error o considerarse un motivo de revocación en cualquier caso como
se ha dicho, que tal como aparece en la cara del disco, y de inmediato respeta
las cuestiones de validez o de la construcción de la mencionada Constitución,
los tratados antes mencionados, estatutos, comisiones o autoridades en disputa.
SEC. 26. Y que sea además promulgado, Que en todas
las causas presentadas ante cualquiera de los tribunales de los Estados Unidos
para recuperar la pérdida anexo a ninguno de los artículos del acuerdo,
convenio, bonos, u otra especialidad, donde el decomiso, incumplimiento o
inejecución deberá figurar, por el incumplimiento o la confesión del acusado, o
cuando declinatoria, el tribunal ante el cual está la acción, deberá dictar
sentencia en el mismo para el demandante para recuperar tanto como es debido de
acuerdo con la equidad. Y cuando la suma por la cual se debe representar el
juicio es incierto, éste, si alguna de las partes lo solicita, ser evaluados
por un jurado.
SEC. 27. Y que sea además promulgado, Que será
designado un mariscal en y para cada distrito por el término de cuatro años,
pero deberá ser desmontable de su cargo en el placer, cuyo deber será asistir a
los tribunales de distrito y de circuito cuando está sentado en él , y también
el Tribunal Supremo en el distrito en el que ese tribunal se sentará. Y para
ejecutar todo el distrito, todos los preceptos legales dirigido a él, y emitida
bajo la autoridad de los Estados Unidos, y él tendrá el poder de ordenar a toda
la asistencia necesaria en el cumplimiento de su deber, y designar como habrá
ocasión, uno o más diputados, que serán extraíbles de su cargo por el juez del
tribunal de distrito o tribunal de circuito que se sienta dentro del distrito,
en el placer del bien; y antes de entrar en los deberes de su cargo, quedará
obligado por el fiel cumplimiento de la misma, por sí y por sus delegados ante
el juez del tribunal de distrito de los Estados Unidos, conjunta y
solidariamente, con dos buenas y suficientes fianzas, habitantes y propietarios
absolutos de dicho distrito, para ser aprobado por el juez de distrito, en la
suma de veinte mil pesos, y tomarán antes de que dicho juez, que deberán
también sus diputados, antes de entrar en los deberes de su nombramiento, el
siguiente juramento: "Yo, AB, juro solemnemente y afirmo, que desempeñaré
fielmente todos los preceptos legales dirigidas al mariscal del distrito de
bajo la autoridad de los Estados Unidos, y las
verdaderas declaraciones de hacer, y en todas las cosas bien y de verdad, y sin
malicia ni acepción de personas, desempeñando sus funciones en la oficina del
alguacil (o ayudante del mariscal, como sea el caso) del distrito de , durante
mi permanencia en dicha oficina, y tomar sólo mis honorarios legales. Que Dios
me ayude ".
SEC. 28. Y que sea además promulgado, Que en todas
las causas en la que el mariscal o su suplente será un partido, los autos y los
preceptos en ella deberán dirigirse a dicha persona desinteresada que el
tribunal o cualquier juez o magistrado del mismo puede nombrar, y la persona
así nombrada, queda autorizado para firmar y devolver el mismo. Y en caso de la
muerte de cualquier mariscal, su diputado o diputados continuarán en sus
cargos, a menos que lo contrario eliminado especialmente; y hará lo mismo en el
nombre del fallecido, hasta que será nombrado y jurado otro mariscal: Y los
incumplimientos o misfeasances en el cargo de diputado o diputados como en la
media hora, al igual que antes, se adjudicaron un incumplimiento del
condiciones de la fianza dada, que antes dirigió, por el mariscal que los
nombró; y el albacea o administrador del mariscal fallecido tendrán como
remedio a los incumplimientos y misfeasances en el cargo de diputado o
diputados como durante dicho intervalo de tiempo, ya que tendrían derecho a si
el mariscal había continuado en la vida y en el ejercicio de su dicha oficina ,
hasta que fue nombrado su sucesor, y jurado o afirmado: y cada mariscal o su
adjunto cuando se retira de su cargo, o cuando expira el plazo para que se
designe al mariscal, tendrá el poder a pesar de llevar a cabo todo tipo de
preceptos que sean de su manos respectivamente en el momento de dicha retirada
o expiración del mandato; y el mariscal se celebrará responsable de la entrega
a su sucesor de todos los presos que pueden estar en su custodia en el momento
de su expulsión, o cuando expira el plazo para el cual ha sido nombrado, con
tal fin, podrá retener dichos presos en su custodia hasta que se nombre a su
sucesor y se clasificó como la ley ordena.
SEC. 29. Y que sea además promulgado, Que en los
casos punibles con la muerte, el juicio se tenía en el condado donde se cometió
la infracción, o cuando no se puede hacer sin causar inconvenientes mayores,
doce miembros del jurado petit por lo menos, deberán ser citados de allí. Y los
miembros del jurado en todos los casos para servir en las cortes de los Estados
Unidos serán designados por sorteo, o de otra manera, en cada Estado,
respectivamente, según el modo de los jurados que forman en ella ahora
practicadas, la medida en que las leyes de la misma se prestarán la posible
designación por los tribunales o los alguaciles de los Estados Unidos; y los
miembros del jurado deberán tener los mismos requisitos que son necesarios para
los miembros del jurado por las leyes del Estado del que son ciudadanos, para
servir en los más altos tribunales de dicho Estado, y serán devueltos como
habrá ocasión para que ellos, a partir de tales partes del distrito de vez en
cuando que el tribunal ordenará, así como será más favorable a un juicio
imparcial, y para no incurrir en un gasto innecesario, o indebidamente a
burthen los ciudadanos de cualquier parte del distrito con tales servicios. Y
autos de facias venire cuando dirigidos por el tribunal expedirán a partir de
la oficina del secretario, y serán atendidas y devuelto por el mariscal en su
propia persona, o de quien lo sustituya, o en caso de que el mariscal o su
suplente no es una persona indiferente, o está interesado en el caso de la
causa, por tal persona en forma como el tribunal nombrará especialmente para
este fin, al que deberán tomar juramento o afirmación que él realmente e
imparcial servirá y regresar tal recurso. Y cuando de retos o de otro modo no
habrá un jurado para determinar cualquier causa civil o penal, el alguacil o su
suplente, por orden de la corte donde dicho defecto de los miembros del jurado
deberá pasar, volver jurados de talibus circumstantibus suficiente para
completar el pannel ; y cuando el mariscal o su adjunto son descalificados de
dicha manera, los miembros del jurado pueden ser devueltos por dicha persona
desinteresada que el tribunal nombrará.
SEC. 30. Y que sea además promulgado, Que el medio
de prueba por el testimonio oral y el interrogatorio de testigos en audiencia
pública será el mismo en todos los tribunales de los Estados Unidos, así como
en el estudio de las causas de la equidad y de almirantazgo y marítima
jurisdicción, a partir de las acciones de derecho consuetudinario. Y cuando
será necesario el testimonio de cualquier persona en cualquier causa civil, en
función de cualquier distrito en cualquier tribunal de los Estados Unidos,
quien deberá vivir a mayor distancia desde el lugar de ensayo de cien millas, o
se une a un viaje a mar, o está a punto de salir de los Estados Unidos o fuera
de dicho distrito, y para una mayor distancia desde el lugar de la prueba de
dicha manera, antes de que el tiempo de la prueba, o es antigua o muy enfermos,
el depósito de tales persona puede ser tomado de bene esse antes de cualquier
justicia o juez de cualquiera de los tribunales de los Estados Unidos, o ante
cualquier canciller, la justicia o el juez de un tribunal supremo o superior,
alcalde o primer magistrado de una ciudad, o un juez de un condado corte o
tribunal de las súplicas comunes de cualquiera de los Estados Unidos, al no ser
de un abogado o un abogado de cualquiera de las partes o interesados en el
caso de la causa, siempre que una notificación del magistrado ante el cual la
deposición es que deben adoptarse para la parte contraria, a estar presente en
la toma de la misma, y para poner los interrogatorios, si se cree conveniente,
se hizo primero y notificará a la parte adversa o su abogado, ya sea como puede
ser más cercano, si bien está dentro de cien millas del lugar de tal título,
dando tiempo para que su asistencia después de notificado, no menos que a razón
de un día, los domingos en exclusiva, para cada recorrido veinte millas. Y en
las causas de almirantazgo y jurisdicción marítima, u otros casos de
convulsiones cuando se presentará un libelo, en el que la parte adversa no
tiene nombre, y declaraciones de personas circunstanciada de dicha manera se
prestará ante una reclamación puede poner en la notificación como como se ha
dicho se dará a la persona que tenga la agencia o la posesión de la propiedad
difamado en el momento de la captura o la incautación de la misma, si se sabe
que la libellant. Y cada persona deponer a tenor del párrafo examinarse
cuidadosamente y advirtió, y jurado o afirmado a declarar toda la verdad, y
suscribirá el testimonio por él o le hubiere sido dada después de la misma se
reducirá a la escritura, que se realiza sólo por el magistrado tomar la
deposición, o por el declarante en su presencia. Y las declaraciones así se
tomen serán retenidos por tal magistrado hasta que ofrecer lo mismo con su
propia mano en el tribunal donde se toman, o deberá, junto con un certificado
de las razones citadas anteriormente de que sean tomadas, y de la notificación
si los hubiere dado a la parte adversa, sea por lo dicho magistrado sellado y
dirigido a dicho tribunal, y permanecer bajo su sello hasta que se abre en la
corte. Y cualquier persona puede ser obligado a comparecer a declarar como se
ha dicho en la misma manera que a comparecer y testificar en la corte. Y en el
juicio de cualquier causa de la jurisdicción de almirantazgo o marítima en un
tribunal de distrito, el decreto en el que se puede apelar de, si cualquiera de
las partes podrá proponer a y convencer al tribunal de que, probablemente, no
va a estar en su poder para producir los testigos allí testificar ante la corte
de circuito debe ser tenido una apelación, y deberá moverse que ser derribados
sus testimonios por escrito, habrán de estar hecho por el secretario de la
corte. Y si se tenía una apelación, tal testimonio puede ser utilizado en el
juicio de la misma, si es que se manifieste a satisfacción del tribunal que se
trate de la apelación, que los testigos son entonces muerto o salido de los
Estados Unidos, o a una distancia mayor que como se ha dicho desde el lugar
donde se halle el tribunal, o que por razones de edad, enfermedad, dolencia
corporal o prisión, no son capaces de viajar y comparecer en la corte, pero no
de otra manera. Y a menos que la misma se efectuará a aparecer en el juicio de
cualquier causa, con respecto a los testigos cuyas declaraciones pueden haber
sido tomada en el mismo, que tales declaraciones no podrán ser admitidos o
utilizados en la causa. Disponiéndose, que nada de lo aquí contenido se
interpretará para impedir cualquier tribunal de los Estados Unidos a partir de
la concesión de un potestatem dedimus para tomar declaraciones de acuerdo con
el uso común, en que puede ser necesario para prevenir una falla o demora de la
justicia, que el poder poseerán solidariamente, ni a extender a las
deposiciones tomadas en perpetuam rei memoriam, que si se refieren a asuntos
que puedan ser reconocible en cualquier tribunal de los Estados Unidos, un tribunal
de circuito en la aplicación de los mismos realizada como un tribunal de
equidad, puede, de acuerdo con los usos en la cancillería dirigir a adoptar.
SEC. 31. Y ya sea [más] promulgado, Que cuando
cualquier demanda deberá ser en función en cualquier tribunal de los Estados
Unidos, y una de las partes morirá antes del juicio final, el albacea o
administrador de dicha parte fallecido que haya estado demandante,
peticionario, o demandado, en caso de que la causa de acción doth por ley
sobrevivir, tendrá plena competencia para enjuiciar o defender cualquier
demanda o acción hasta el juicio final; y el demandado o demandados quedan
obligados a responder a la misma en consecuencia; y el tribunal ante el cual
tal causa puede ser en función, se faculta y ordena para conocer de la misma, y
para dictar sentencia a favor o en contra del ejecutor o administrador, según
el caso lo requiera. Y si tales albacea o administrador de haber sido
debidamente servidos con una facias scire de la oficina del secretario del
tribunal donde dicha demanda está en función, a veinte días de antelación, se
descuide o se niegan a ser parte en el juicio, el tribunal puede dictar
sentencia contra el patrimonio de la parte fallecida, de la misma manera como
si el albacea o administrador habían hecho voluntariamente una parte de la
demanda. Y el ejecutor o administrador que se convertirá en una fiesta de dicha
manera, tendrán desde el movimiento a la corte donde la demanda está en
función, tendrán derecho a una prórroga del mismo hasta el próximo mandato de
dicho tribunal. Y si hay dos o más demandantes o demandados, y uno o más de
ellos morirán, si la causa de la acción deberá sobrevivir al demandante o
demandantes sobrevivir, o en contra del acusado o acusados de sobrevivir, el
recurso o acción no serán por lo tanto disminuido; pero esa muerte está
sugerido en el expediente, la acción procederá a requerimiento de la demandante
supérstite o los demandantes contra el acusado o acusados sobrevivir.
SEC. 32. Y que sea además promulgado, Que no hay
citación, orden judicial, declaración, devolución, proceso, juicio u otro
procedimiento en las causas civiles en cualquiera de los tribunales de los
Estados Unidos, se habían retirado, arrestados, anuladas o invertidas, para
cualquier defecto o falta de forma, pero dichos tribunales respectivamente
deberán proceder y juzgar según el derecho de la causa y de la materia en la
ley se les aparecerá, sin ninguna relación con imperfecciones, defectos o falta
de forma de tal recurso, declaración o otro escrito, el retorno, proceso,
juicio, o curso de procedimiento alguno, excepto los que sólo en casos de
excepción perentoria, que el reparo de las partes deberá sentarse en especial
hacia abajo y expresar junto con su declinatoria como la causa de los mismos. Y
dichos tribunales tendrán respectivamente y pueden, en virtud de esta ley, de
vez en cuando, modificar todos y cada imperfecciones, defectos y deseos de
forma, distintas de las que sólo el reparo de las partes deberá expresar dicha
manera, y podrá en cualquier tiempo permitir cualquiera de las partes que
modifiquen cualquier defecto en el proceso o de solicitudes, las condiciones
tales como las mencionadas cortes respectivamente deberá, a su discreción, y
por sus normas prescriben.
SEC. 33. Y que sea además promulgado, Que por
cualquier crimen o delito contra los Estados Unidos, el infractor podrá, por
cualquier juez o magistrado de los Estados Unidos, o por cualquier juez de paz,
o de otro magistrado de cualquiera de los Estados Unidos donde se puede
encontrar agradablemente al modo habitual de proceso contra los delincuentes en
ese estado, y en detrimento de los Estados Unidos, ser arrestado y encarcelado
o rescatados, según sea el caso, a juicio de ese tribunal de los Estados Unidos
como por este acto tiene conocimiento de la infracción. Y copias del proceso se
devolverán a la mayor brevedad que sea en la oficina del secretario de dicho
tribunal, junto con los recognizances de los testigos de su apariencia para
testificar en el caso; que recognizances el magistrado ante el que el examen
será, puede requerir bajo pena de prisión. Y si ese compromiso del infractor, o
los testigos caerá en un distrito distinto de aquel en el que el delito es ser
juzgado, será el deber del juez de ese distrito donde está encarcelado el
delincuente, estacionalmente para emitir y del mariscal del mismo distrito de
ejecutar, una orden de la eliminación del reo, y los testigos, o cualquiera de
ellos, como sea el caso, para el distrito en el que el ensayo se tendrán en cuenta.
Y sobre todas las detenciones en los casos penales, la fianza será admitido,
salvo que el castigo puede ser la muerte, en cuyo caso no será admitido sino
por el supremo o de un tribunal de circuito, o por un juez de la corte suprema,
o un juez de un tribunal de distrito, quien ejercerá su discreción en el mismo,
en cuanto a la naturaleza y circunstancias de la infracción, y de las pruebas,
y los usos de la ley. Y si una persona cometida por un juez de la suprema o
juez de un tribunal de distrito por un delito no punible con la muerte, deberá
procurarse después la libertad bajo fianza, y no haya ningún juez de los
Estados Unidos en el distrito de tomar la misma, podrá ser tomada por cualquier
juez de la corte suprema o jurídica de rango superior de dicho estado.
SEC. 34. Y que sea además promulgado, Que las leyes
de los diversos estados, excepto cuando la Constitución, tratados o leyes de
los Estados Unidos serán de otra manera requerirían o proporcionar, tendrán la
consideración de las reglas de decisión en los juicios de derecho
consuetudinario en los tribunales de los Estados Unidos en los casos en que se
aplican.
SEC. 35. Y que sea además promulgado, Que en todos
los tribunales de los Estados Unidos, las partes podrán alegar y gestionar sus
propias causas personalmente o mediante la asistencia de dicho abogado o
abogados en la ley como por las normas de dichos tribunales, respectivamente,
se permitió gestionar y conducta causa en ella. Y se nombrará en cada distrito
una persona se reúnen aprendido en la ley para actuar como abogado de los
Estados Unidos en dicho distrito, que será juramentado o afirmado de la fiel
ejecución de su cargo, cuyo deber será para enjuiciar, de tal distrito todos
los delincuentes por delitos y faltas, cognoscibles bajo la autoridad de los
Estados Unidos, y todas las acciones civiles en los que se refieren, los
Estados Unidos, excepto ante el tribunal supremo en el distrito en el que dicho
tribunal será retenido. Y él recibirá como compensación por sus servicios como
tales honorarios serán gravadas para ello en los respectivos tribunales antes
de que los trajes o enjuiciamientos deberán estar. Y también será designado a
una persona se encuentran, aprendido en la ley, para actuar como fiscal general
de los Estados Unidos, que será juramentado o afirmado a un fiel cumplimiento
de sus funciones; cuyo deber será para perseguir y llevar a cabo todos los
trajes en el Tribunal Supremo en la que se refieren, los Estados Unidos, y para
dar su consejo y opinión sobre cuestiones de derecho cuando sea requerido por
el Presidente de los Estados Unidos, o cuando lo solicite el jefes de
cualquiera de los departamentos, de tocar los asuntos que pueden afectar a sus
departamentos, y recibirán como compensación por sus servicios como por ley se ha
de proporcionarse.
Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, Presidente de la
Cámara de Representantes
John Adams, Vice Presidente de los Estados Unidos y
Presidente del Senado
APROBADO, septiembre, el cuarto Veinte, 1789.
George Washington, Presidente de los Estados Unidos
Congress of the United States,
begun and held at the City of New York on Wednesday the fourth of March one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
CHAP. XX.�An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the supreme court of the United States shall consist of a chief justice and five associate justices, any four of whom shall be a quorum, and shall hold annually at the seat of government two sessions, the one commencing the first Monday of February, and the other the first Monday of August. That the associate justices shall have precedence according to the date of their commissions, or when the commissions of two or more of them bear date on the same day, according to their respective ages.
SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the United States shall be, and they hereby are divided into thirteen districts, to be limited and called as follows, to wit: one to consist of that part of the State of Massachusetts which lies easterly of the State of New Hampshire, and to be called Maine District; one to consist of the State of New Hampshire, and to be called New Hampshire District; one to consist of the remaining part of the State of Massachusetts, and to be called Massachusetts district; one to consist of the State of Connecticut, and to be called Connecticut District; one to consist of the State of New York, and to be called New York District; one to consist of the State of New Jersey, and to be called New Jersey District; one to consist of the State of Pennsylvania, and to be called Pennsylvania District; one to consist of the State of Delaware, and to be called Delaware District; one to consist of the State of Maryland, and to be called Maryland District; one to consist of the State of Virginia, except that part called the District of Kentucky, and to be called Virginia District; one to consist of the remaining part of the State of Virginia, and to be called Kentucky District; one to consist of the State of South Carolina, and to be called South Carolina District; and one to consist of the State of Georgia, and to be called Georgia District.
SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That there be a court called a District Court, in each of the afore mentioned districts, to consist of one judge, who shall reside in the district for which he is appointed, and shall be called a District Judge, and shall hold annually four sessions, the first of which to commence as follows, to wit: in the districts of New York and of New Jersey on the first, in the district of Pennsylvania on the second, in the district of Connecticut on the third, and in the district of Delaware on the fourth, Tuesdays of November next; in the districts of Massachusetts, of Maine, and of Maryland, on the first, in the district of Georgia on the second, and in the districts of New Hampshire, of Virginia, and of Kentucky, on the third Tuesdays of December next; and the other three sessions progressively in the respective districts on the like Tuesdays of every third calendar month afterwards, and in the district of South Carolina, on the third Monday in March and September, the first Monday in July, and the second Monday in December of each and every year, commencing in December next; and that the District Judge shall have power to hold special courts at his discretion. That the stated District Court shall be held at the places following, to wit: in the district of Maine, at Portland and Pownalsborough alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of New Hampshire, at Exeter and Portsmouth alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Massachusetts, at Boston and Salem alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Connecticut, alternately at Hartford and New Haven, beginning at the first; in the district of New York, at New York; in the district of New Jersey, alternately at New Brunswick and Burlington, beginning at the first; in the district of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia and York Town alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Delaware, alternately at Newcastle and Dover, beginning at the first; in the district of Maryland, alternately at Baltimore and Easton, beginning at the first; in the district of Virginia, alternately at Richmond and Williamsburgh, beginning at the first; in the district of Kentucky, at Harrodsburgh; in the district of South Carolina, at Charleston; and in the district of Georgia, alternately at Savannah and Augusta, beginning at the first; and that the special courts shall be held at the same place in each district as the stated courts, or in districts that have two, at either of them, in the discretion of the judge, or at such other place in the district, as the nature of the business and his discretion shall direct. And that in the districts that have but one place for holding the District Court, the records thereof shall be kept at that place; and in districts that have two, at that place in each district which the judge shall appoint.
SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That the before mentioned districts, except those of Maine and Kentucky, shall be divided into three circuits, and be called the eastern, the middle, and the southern circuit. That the eastern circuit shall consist of the districts of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York; that the middle circuit shall consist of the districts of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia; and that the southern circuit shall consist of the districts of South Carolina and Georgia, and that there shall be held annually in each district of said circuits, two courts, which shall be called Circuit Courts, and shall consist of any two justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judge of such districts, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum: Provided, That no district judge shall give a vote in any case of appeal or error from his own decision; but may assign the reasons of such his decision.
SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That the first session of the said circuit court in the several districts shall commence at the times following, to wit: in New Jersey on the second, in New York on the fourth, in Pennsylvania on the eleventh, in Connecticut on the twenty-second, and in Delaware on the twenty-seventh, days of April next; in Massachusetts on the third, in Maryland on the seventh, in South Carolina on the twelfth, in New Hampshire on the twentieth, in Virginia on the twenty-second, and in Georgia on the twenty-eighth, days of May next, and the subsequent sessions in the respective districts on the like days of every sixth calendar month afterwards, except in South Carolina, where the session of the said court shall commence on the first, and in Georgia where it shall commence on the seventeenth day of October, and except when any of those days shall happen on a Sunday, and then the session shall commence on the next day following. And the sessions of the said circuit court shall be held in the district of New Hampshire, at Portsmouth and Exeter alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Massachusetts, at Boston; in the district of Connecticut, alternately at Hartford and New Haven, beginning at the last; in the district of New York, alternately at New York and Albany, beginning at the first; in the district of New Jersey, at Trenton; in the district of Pennsylvania, alternately at Philadelphia and Yorktown, beginning at the first; in the district of Delaware, alternately at New Castle and Dover, beginning at the first; in the district of Maryland, alternately at Annapolis and Easton, beginning at the first; in the district of Virginia, alternately at Charlottesville and Williamsburgh, beginning at the first; in the district of South Carolina, alternately at Columbia and Charleston, beginning at the first; and in the district of Georgia, alternately at Savannah and Augusta, beginning at the first. And the circuit courts shall have power to hold special sessions for the trial of criminal causes at any other time at their discretion, or at the discretion of the Supreme Court.
SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That the Supreme Court may, by any one or more of its justices being present, be adjourned from day to day until a quorum be convened; and that a circuit court may also be adjourned from day to day by any one of its judges, or if none are present, by the marshal of the district until a quorum be convened; and that a district court, in case of the inability of the judge to attend at the commencement of a session, may by virtue of a written order from the said judge, directed to the marshal of the district, be adjourned by the said marshal to such day, antecedent to the next stated session of the said court, as in the said order shall be appointed; and in case of the death of the said judge, and his vacancy not being supplied, all process, pleadings and proceedings of what nature soever, pending before the said court, shall be continued of course until the next stated session after the appointment and acceptance of the office by his successor.
SEC. 7. And be it [further] enacted, That the Supreme Court, and the district courts shall have power to appoint clerks for their respective courts, and that the clerk for each district court shall be clerk also of the circuit court in such district, and each of the said clerks shall, before he enters upon the execution of his office, take the following oath or affirmation, to wit: "I, A. B., being appointed clerk of , do solemnly swear, or affirm, that I will truly and faithfully enter and record all the orders, decrees, judgments and proceedings of the said court, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties of my said office, according to the best of my abilities and understanding. So help me God." Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath. And the said clerks shall also severally give bond, with sufficient sureties, (to be approved of by the Supreme and district courts respectively) to the United States, in the sum of two thousand dollars, faithfully to discharge the duties of his office, and seasonably to record the decrees, judgments and determinations of the court of which he is clerk.
SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That the justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judges, before they proceed to execute the duties of their respective offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation, to wit: "I, A. B., do solemnly swear or affirm, that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as , according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to the constitution, and laws of the United States. So help me God."
SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That the district courts shall have, exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all crimes and offences that shall be cognizable under the authority of the United States, committed within their respective districts, or upon the high seas; where no other punishment than whipping, not exceeding thirty stripes, a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or a term of imprisonment not exceeding six months, is to be inflicted; and shall also have exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures under laws of impost, navigation or trade of the United States, where the seizures are made, on waters which are navigable from the sea by vessels of ten or more tons burthen, within their respective districts as well as upon the high seas; saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it; and shall also have exclusive original cognizance of all seizures on land, or other waters than as aforesaid, made, and of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred, under the laws of the United States. And shall also have cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, or the circuit courts, as the case may be, of all causes where an alien sues for a tort only in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States. And shall also have cognizance, concurrent as last mentioned, of all suits at common law where the United States sue, and the matter in dispute amounts, exclusive of costs, to the sum or value of one hundred dollars. And shall also have jurisdiction exclusively of the courts of the several States, of all suits against consuls or vice-consuls, except for offences above the description aforesaid. And the trial of issues in fact, in the district courts, in all causes except civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, shall be by jury.
SEC. 10. And be it further enacted, That the district court in Kentucky district shall, besides the jurisdiction aforesaid, have jurisdiction of all other causes, except of appeals and writs of error, hereinafter made cognizable in a circuit court, and shall proceed therein in the same manner as a circuit court, and writs of error and appeals shall lie from decisions therein to the Supreme Court in the same causes, as from a circuit court to the Supreme Court, and under the same regulations. And the district court in Maine district shall, besides the jurisdiction herein before granted, have jurisdiction of all causes, except of appeals and writs of error herein after made cognizable in a circuit court, and shall proceed therein in the same manner as a circuit court: And writs of error shall lie from decisions therein to the circuit court in the district of Massachusetts in the same manner as from other district courts to their respective circuit courts.
SEC. 11. And be it further enacted, That the circuit courts shall have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, of all suits of a civil nature at common law or in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, the sum or value of five hundred dollars, and the United States are plaintiffs, or petitioners; or an alien is a party, or the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought, and a citizen of another State. And shall have exclusive cognizance of all crimes and offences cognizable under the authority of the United States, except where this act otherwise provides, or the laws of the United States shall otherwise direct, and concurrent jurisdiction with the district courts of the crimes and offences cognizable therein. But no person shall be arrested in one district for trial in another, in any civil action before a circuit or district court. And no civil suit shall be brought before either of said courts against an inhabitant of the United States, by any original process in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, or in which he shall be found at the time of serving the writ, nor shall any district or circuit court have cognizance of any suit to recover the contents of any promissory note or other chose in action in favour of an assignee, unless a suit might have been prosecuted in such court to recover the said contents if no assignment had been made, except in cases of foreign bills of exchange. And the circuit courts shall also have appellate jurisdiction from the district courts under the regulations and restrictions herein after provided.
SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That if a suit be commenced in any state court against an alien, or by a citizen of the state in which the suit is brought against a citizen of another state, and the matter in dispute exceeds the aforesaid sum or value of five hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, to be made to appear to the satisfaction of the court; and the defendant shall, at the time of entering his appearance in such state court, file a petition for the removal of the cause for trial into the next circuit court, to be held in the district where the suit is pending, or if in the district of Maine to the district court next to be holden therein, or if in Kentucky district to the district court next to be holden therein, and offer good and sufficient surety for his entering in such court, on the first day of its session, copies of said process against him, and also for his there appearing and entering special bail in the cause, if special bail was originally requisite therein, it shall then be the duty of the state court to accept the surety, and proceed no further in the cause, and any bail that may have been originally taken shall be discharged, and the said copies being entered as aforesaid, in such court of the United States, the cause shall there proceed in the same manner as if it had been brought there by original process. And any attachment of the goods or estate of the defendant by the original process, shall hold the goods or estate so attached, to answer the final judgment in the same manner as by the laws of such state they would have been holden to answer final judgment, had it been rendered by the court in which the suit commenced. And if in any action commenced in a state court, the title of land be concerned, and the parties are citizens of the same state, and the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of five hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, the sum or value being made to appear to the satisfaction of the court, either party, before the trial, shall state to the court and make affidavit if they require it, that he claims and shall rely upon a right or title to the land, under a grant from a state other than that in which the suit is pending, and produce the original grant or an exemplification of it, except where the loss of public records shall put it out of his power, and shall move that the adverse party inform the court, whether he claims a right or title to the land under a grant from the state in which the suit is pending; the said adverse [party] shall give such information, or otherwise not be allowed to plead such grant, or give it in evidence upon the trial, and if he informs that he does claim under such grant, the party claiming under the grant first mentioned may then, on motion, remove the cause for trial to the next circuit court to be holden in such district, or if in the district of Maine, to the court next to be holden therein; or if in Kentucky district, to the district court next to be holden therein; but if he is the defendant, shall do it under the same regulations as in the before-mentioned case of the removal of a cause into such court by an alien; and neither party removing the cause, shall be allowed to plead or give evidence of any other title than that by him stated as aforesaid, as the ground of his claim; and the trial of issues in fact in the circuit courts shall, in all suits, except those of equity, and of admiralty, and maritime jurisdiction, be by jury.
SEC. 13. And be it further enacted, That the Supreme Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies of a civil nature, where a state is a party, except between a state and its citizens; and except also between a state and citizens of other states, or aliens, in which latter case it shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction. And shall have exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits or proceedings against ambassadors, or other public ministers, or their domestics, or domestic servants, as a court of law can have or exercise consistently with the law of nations; and original, but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by ambassadors, or other public ministers, or in which a consul, or vice consul, shall be a party. And the trial of issues in fact in the Supreme Court, in all actions at law against citizens of the United States, shall be by jury. The Supreme Court shall also have appellate jurisdiction from the circuit courts and courts of the several states, in the cases herein after specially provided for; and shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts, when proceeding as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and writs of mandamus, in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States.
SEC. 14. And be it further enacted, That all the before-mentioned courts of the United States, shall have power to issue writs of scire facias, habeas corpus, and all other writs not specially provided for by statute, which may be necessary for the exercise of their respective jurisdictions, and agreeable to the principles and usages of law. And that either of the justices of the supreme court, as well as judges of the district courts, shall have power to grant writs of habeas corpus for the purpose of an inquiry into the cause of commitment.��Provided, That writs of habeas corpus shall in no case extend to prisoners in gaol, unless where they are in custody, under or by colour of the authority of the United States, or are committed for trial before some court of the same, or are necessary to be brought into court to testify.
SEC. 15. And be it further enacted, That all the said courts of the United States, shall have power in the trial of actions at law, on motion and due notice thereof being given, to require the parties to produce books or writings in their possession or power, which contain evidence pertinent to the issue, in cases and under circumstances where they might be compelled to produce the same by the ordinary rules of proceeding in chancery; and if a plaintiff shall fail to comply with such order, to produce books or writings, it shall be lawful for the courts respectively, on motion, to give the like judgment for the defendant as in cases of nonsuit; and if a defendant shall fail to comply with such order, to produce books or writings, it shall be lawful for the courts respectively on motion as aforesaid, to give judgment against him or her by default.
SEC. 16. And be it further enacted, That suits in equity shall not be sustained in either of the courts of the United States, in any case where plain, adequate and complete remedy may be had at law.
SEC. 17. And be it further enacted, That all the said courts of the United States shall have power to grant new trials, in cases where there has been a trial by jury for reasons for which new trials have usually been granted in the courts of law; and shall have power to impose and administer all necessary oaths or affirmations, and to punish by fine or imprisonment, at the discretion of said courts, all contempts of authority in any cause or hearing before the same; and to make and establish all necessary rules for the orderly conducting business in the said courts, provided such rules are not repugnant to the laws of the United States.
SEC. 18. And be it further enacted, That when in a circuit court, judgment upon a verdict in a civil action shall be entered, execution may on motion of either party, at the discretion of the court, and on such conditions for the security of the adverse party as they may judge proper, be stayed forty-two days from the time of entering judgment, to give time to file in the clerk�s office of said court, a petition for a new trial. And if such petition be there filed within said term of forty-two days, with a certificate thereon from either of the judges of such court, that he allows the same to be filed, which certificate he may make or refuse at his discretion, execution shall of course be further stayed to the next session of said court. And if a new trial be granted, the former judgment shall be thereby rendered void.
SEC . 19. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of circuit courts, in causes in equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, to cause the facts on which they found their sentence or decree, fully to appear upon the record either from the pleadings and decree itself, or a state of the case agreed by the parties, or their counsel, or if they disagree by a stating of the case by the court.
SEC. 20. And be it further enacted, That where in a circuit court, a plaintiff in an action, originally brought there, or a petitioner in equity, other than the United States, recovers less than the sum or value of five hundred dollars, or a libellant, upon his own appeal, less than the sum or value of three hundred dollars, he shall not be allowed, but at the discretion of the court, may be adjudged to pay costs.
SEC. 21. And be it further enacted, That from final decrees in a district court in causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of three hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, an appeal shall be allowed to the next circuit court, to be held in such district. Provided nevertheless, That all such appeals from final decrees as aforesaid, from the district court of Maine, shall be made to the circuit court, next to be holden after each appeal in the district of Massachusetts.
SEC. 22. And be it further enacted, That final decrees and judgments in civil actions in a district court, where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of fifty dollars, exclusive of costs, may be reexamined, and reversed or affirmed in a circuit court, holden in the same district, upon a writ of error, whereto shall be annexed and returned therewith at the day and place therein mentioned, an authenticated transcript of the record, an assignment of errors, and prayer for reversal, with a citation to the adverse party, signed by the judge of such district court, or a justice of the Supreme Court, the adverse party having at least twenty days� notice. And upon a like process, may final judgments and decrees in civil actions, and suits in equity in a circuit court, brought there by original process, or removed there from courts of the several States, or removed there by appeal from a district court where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of two thousand dollars, exclusive of costs, be re-examined and reversed or affirmed in the Supreme Court, the citation being in such case signed by a judge of such circuit court, or justice of the Supreme Court, and the adverse party having at least thirty days� notice. But there shall be no reversal in either court on such writ of error for error in ruling any plea in abatement, other than a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, or such plea to a petition or bill in equity, as is in the nature of a demurrer, or for any error in fact. And writs of error shall not be brought but within five years after rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or in case the person entitled to such writ of error be an infant, feme covert, non compos mentis, or imprisoned, then within five years as aforesaid, exclusive of the time of such disability. And every justice or judge signing a citation on any writ of error as aforesaid, shall take good and sufficient security, that the plaintiff in error shall prosecute his writ to effect, and answer all damages and costs if he fail to make his plea good.
SEC. 23. And be it further enacted, That a writ of error as aforesaid shall be a supersedeas and stay execution in cases only where the writ of error is served, by a copy thereof being lodged for the adverse party in the clerk�s office where the record remains, within ten days, Sundays exclusive, after rendering the judgment or passing the decree complained of. Until the expiration of which term of ten days, executions shall not issue in any case where a writ of error may be a supersedeas; and whereupon such writ of error the Supreme or a circuit court shall affirm a judgment or decree, they shall adjudge or decree to the respondent in error just damages for his delay, and single or double costs at their discretion.
SEC. 24. And be it further enacted, That when a judgment or decree shall be reversed in a circuit court, such court shall proceed to render such judgment or pass such decree as the district court should have rendered or passed; and the Supreme Court shall do the same on reversals therein, except where the reversal is in favour of the plaintiff, or petitioner in the original suit, and the damages to be assessed, or matter to be decreed, are uncertain, in which case they shall remand the cause for a final decision. And the Supreme Court shall not issue execution in causes that are removed before them by writs of error, but shall send a special mandate to the circuit court to award execution thereupon.
SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That a final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or an authority exercised under the United States, and the decision is against their validity; or where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under any State, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties or laws of the United States, and the decision is in favour of such their validity, or where is drawn in question the construction of any clause of the constitution, or of a treaty, or statute of, or commission held under the United States, and the decision is against the title, right, privilege or exemption specially set up or claimed by either party, under such clause of the said Constitution, treaty, statute or commission, may be re-examined and reversed or affirmed in the Supreme Court of the United States upon a writ of error, the citation being signed by the chief justice, or judge or chancellor of the court rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or by a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the same manner and under the same regulations, and the writ shall have the same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a circuit court, and the proceeding upon the reversal shall also be the same, except that the Supreme Court, instead of remanding the cause for a final decision as before provided, may at their discretion, if the cause shall have been once remanded before, proceed to a final decision of the same, and award execution. But no other error shall be assigned or regarded as a ground of reversal in any such case as aforesaid, than such as appears on the face of the record, and immediately respects the before mentioned questions of validity or construction of the said constitution, treaties, statutes, commissions, or authorities in dispute.
SEC. 26. And be it further enacted, That in all causes brought before either of the courts of the United States to recover the forfeiture annexed to any articles of agreement, covenant, bond, or other speciality, where the forfeiture, breach or non-performance shall appear, by the default or confession of the defendant, or upon demurrer, the court before whom the action is, shall render judgment therein for the plaintiff to recover so much as is due according to equity. And when the sum for which judgment should be rendered is uncertain, the same shall, if either of the parties request it, be assessed by a jury.
SEC. 27. And be it further enacted, That a marshal shall be appointed in and for each district for the term of four years, but shall be removable from office at pleasure, whose duty it shall be to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein, and also the Supreme Court in the District in which that court shall sit. And to execute throughout the district, all lawful precepts directed to him, and issued under the authority of the United States, and he shall have power to command all necessary assistance in the execution of his duty, and to appoint as there shall be occasion, one or more deputies, who shall be removable from office by the judge of the district court, or the circuit court sitting within the district, at the pleasure of either; and before he enters on the duties of his office, he shall become bound for the faithful performance of the same, by himself and by his deputies before the judge of the district court to the United States, jointly and severally, with two good and sufficient sureties, inhabitants and freeholders of such district, to be approved by the district judge, in the sum of twenty thousand dollars, and shall take before said judge, as shall also his deputies, before they enter on the duties of their appointment, the following oath of office: "I, A. B., do solemnly swear or affirm, that I will faithfully execute all lawful precepts directed to the marshal of the district of
under the authority of the United States, and true returns make, and in all things well and truly, and without malice or partiality, perform the duties of the office of marshal (or marshal�s deputy, as the case may be) of the district of , during my continuance in said office, and take only my lawful fees. So help me God."
SEC. 28. And be it further enacted, That in all causes wherein the marshal or his deputy shall be a party, the writs and precepts therein shall be directed to such disinterested person as the court, or any justice or judge thereof may appoint, and the person so appointed, is hereby authorized to execute and return the same. And in case of the death of any marshal, his deputy or deputies shall continue in office, unless otherwise specially removed; and shall execute the same in the name of the deceased, until another marshal shall be appointed and sworn: And the defaults or misfeasances in office of such deputy or deputies in the mean time, as well as before, shall be adjudged a breach of the condition of the bond given, as before directed, by the marshal who appointed them; and the executor or administrator of the deceased marshal shall have like remedy for the defaults and misfeasances in office of such deputy or deputies during such interval, as they would be entitled to if the marshal had continued in life and in the exercise of his said office, until his successor was appointed, and sworn or affirmed: And every marshal or his deputy when removed from office, or when the term for which the marshal is appointed shall expire, shall have power notwithstanding to execute all such precepts as may be in their hands respectively at the time of such removal or expiration of office; and the marshal shall be held answerable for the delivery to his successor of all prisoners which may be in his custody at the time of his removal, or when the term for which he is appointed shall expire, and for that purpose may retain such prisoners in his custody until his successor shall be appointed and qualified as the law directs.
SEC. 29. And be it further enacted, That in cases punishable with death, the trial shall be had in the county where the offence was committed, or where that cannot be done without great inconvenience, twelve petit jurors at least shall be summoned from thence. And jurors in all cases to serve in the courts of the United States shall be designated by lot or otherwise in each State respectively according to the mode of forming juries therein now practised, so far as the laws of the same shall render such designation practicable by the courts or marshals of the United States; and the jurors shall have the same qualifications as are requisite for jurors by the laws of the State of which they are citizens, to serve in the highest courts of law of such State, and shall be returned as there shall be occasion for them, from such parts of the district from time to time as the court shall direct, so as shall be most favourable to an impartial trial, and so as not to incur an unnecessary expense, or unduly to burthen the citizens of any part of the district with such services. And writs of venire facias when directed by the court shall issue from the clerk�s office, and shall be served and returned by the marshal in his proper person, or by his deputy, or in case the marshal or his deputy is not an indifferent person, or is interested in the event of the cause, by such fit person as the court shall specially appoint for that purpose, to whom they shall administer an oath or affirmation that he will truly and impartially serve and return such writ. And when from challenges or otherwise there shall not be a jury to determine any civil or criminal cause, the marshal or his deputy shall, by order of the court where such defect of jurors shall happen, return jurymen de talibus circumstantibus sufficient to complete the pannel; and when the marshal or his deputy are disqualified as aforesaid, jurors may be returned by such disinterested person as the court shall appoint.
SEC. 30. And be it further enacted, That the mode of proof by oral testimony and examination of witnesses in open court shall be the same in all the courts of the United States, as well in the trial of causes in equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, as of actions at common law. And when the testimony of any person shall be necessary in any civil cause depending in any district in any court of the United States, who shall live at a greater distance from the place of trial than one hundred miles, or is bound on a voyage to sea, or is about to go out of the United States, or out of such district, and to a greater distance from the place of trial than as aforesaid, before the time of trial, or is ancient or very infirm, the deposition of such person may be taken de bene esse before any justice or judge of any of the courts of the United States, or before any chancellor, justice or judge of a supreme or superior court, mayor or chief magistrate of a city, or judge of a county court or court of common pleas of any of the United States, not being of counsel or attorney to either of the parties, or interested in the event of the cause, provided that a notification from the magistrate before whom the deposition is to be taken to the adverse party, to be present at the taking of the same, and to put interrogatories, if he think fit, be first made out and served on the adverse party or his attorney as either may be nearest, if either is within one hundred miles of the place of such caption, allowing time for their attendance after notified, not less than at the rate of one day, Sundays exclusive, for every twenty miles travel. And in causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, or other cases of seizure when a libel shall be filed, in which an adverse party is not named, and depositions of persons circumstanced as aforesaid shall be taken before a claim be put in, the like notification as aforesaid shall be given to the person having the agency or possession of the property libelled at the time of the capture or seizure of the same, if known to the libellant. And every person deposing as aforesaid shall be carefully examined and cautioned, and sworn or affirmed to testify the whole truth, and shall subscribe the testimony by him or her given after the same shall be reduced to writing, which shall be done only by the magistrate taking the deposition, or by the deponent in his presence. And the depositions so taken shall be retained by such magistrate until he deliver the same with his own hand into the court for which they are taken, or shall , together with a certificate of the reasons as aforesaid of their being taken, and of the notice if any given to the adverse party, be by him the said magistrate sealed up and directed to such court, and remain under his seal until opened in court. And any person may be compelled to appear and depose as aforesaid in the same manner as to appear and testify in court. And in the trial of any cause of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction in a district court, the decree in which may be appealed from, if either party shall suggest to and satisfy the court that probably it will not be in his power to produce the witnesses there testifying before the circuit court should an appeal be had, and shall move that their testimony be taken down in writing, it shall be so done by the clerk of the court. And if an appeal be had, such testimony may be used on the trial of the same, if it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court which shall try the appeal, that the witnesses are then dead or gone out of the United States, or to a greater distance than as aforesaid from the place where the court is sitting, or that by reason of age, sickness, bodily infirmity or imprisonment, they are unable to travel and appear at court, but not otherwise. And unless the same shall be made to appear on the trial of any cause, with respect to witnesses whose depositions may have been taken therein, such depositions shall not be admitted or used in the cause. Provided, That nothing herein shall be construed to prevent any court of the United States from granting a dedimus potestatem to take depositions according to common usage, when it may be necessary to prevent a failure or delay of justice, which power they shall severally possess, nor to extend to depositions taken in perpetuam rei memoriam, which if they relate to matters that may be cognizable in any court of the United States, a circuit court on application thereto made as a court of equity, may, according to the usages in chancery direct to be taken.
SEC. 31. And be it [further] enacted, That where any suit shall be depending in any court of the United States, and either of the parties shall die before final judgment, the executor or administrator of such deceased party who was plaintiff, petitioner, or defendant, in case the cause of action doth by law survive, shall have full power to prosecute or defend any such suit or action until final judgment; and the defendant or defendants are hereby obliged to answer thereto accordingly; and the court before whom such cause may be depending, is hereby empowered and directed to hear and determine the same, and to render judgment for or against the executor or administrator, as the case may require. And if such executor or administrator having been duly served with a scire facias from the office of the clerk of the court where such suit is depending, twenty days beforehand, shall neglect or refuse to become a party to the suit, the court may render judgment against the estate of the deceased party, in the same manner as if the executor or administrator had voluntarily made himself a party to the suit. And the executor or administrator who shall become a party as aforesaid, shall, upon motion to the court where the suit is depending, be entitled to a continuance of the same until the next term of the said court. And if there be two or more plaintiffs or defendants, and one or more of them shall die, if the cause of action shall survive to the surviving plaintiff or plaintiffs, or against the surviving defendant or defendants, the writ or action shall not be thereby abated; but such death being suggested upon the record, the action shall proceed at the suit of the surviving plaintiff or plaintiffs against the surviving defendant or defendants.
SEC. 32. And be it further enacted, That no summons, writ, declaration, return, process, judgment, or other proceedings in civil causes in any of the courts of the United States, shall be abated, arrested, quashed or reversed, for any defect or want of form, but the said courts respectively shall proceed and give judgment according as the right of the cause and matter in law shall appear unto them, without regarding any imperfections, defects, or want of form in such writ, declaration, or other pleading, return, process, judgment, or course of proceeding whatsoever, except those only in cases of demurrer, which the party demurring shall specially sit down and express together with his demurrer as the cause thereof. And the said courts respectively shall and may, by virtue of this act, from time to time, amend all and every such imperfections, defects and wants of form, other than those only which the party demurring shall express as aforesaid, and may at any time permit either of the parties to amend any defect in the process or pleadings, upon such conditions as the said courts respectively shall in their discretion, and by their rules prescribe.
SEC. 33. And be it further enacted, That for any crime or offence against the United States, the offender may, by any justice or judge of the United States, or by any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United States where he may be found agreeably to the usual mode of process against offenders in such state, and at the expense of the United States, be arrested, and imprisoned or bailed, as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States as by this act has cognizance of the offence. And copies of the process shall be returned as speedily as may be into the clerk�s office of such court, together with the recognizances of the witnesses for their appearance to testify in the case; which recognizances the magistrate before whom the examination shall be, may require on pain of imprisonment. And if such commitment of the offender, or the witnesses shall be in a district other than that in which the offence is to be tried, it shall be the duty of the judge of that district where the delinquent is imprisoned, seasonably to issue, and of the marshal of the same district to execute, a warrant for the removal of the offender, and the witnesses, or either of them, as the case may be, to the district in which the trial is to be had. And upon all arrests in criminal cases, bail shall be admitted, except where the punishment may be death, in which cases it shall not be admitted but by the supreme or a circuit court, or by a justice of the supreme court, or a judge of a district court, who shall exercise their discretion therein, regarding the nature and circumstances of the offence, and of the evidence, and the usages of law. And if a person committed by a justice of the supreme or a judge of a district court for an offence not punishable with death, shall afterwards procure bail, and there be no judge of the United States in the district to take the same, it may be taken by any judge of the supreme or superior court of law of such state.
SEC. 34. And be it further enacted, That the laws of the several states, except where the constitution, treaties or statutes of the United States shall otherwise require or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law in the courts of the United States in cases where they apply.
SEC. 35. And be it further enacted, That in all courts of the United States, the parties may plead and manage their own causes personally or by assistance of such counsel or attorneys at law as by the rules of the said courts respectively shall be permitted to manage and conduct causes therein. And there shall be appointed in each district a meet person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States in such district, who shall be sworn or affirmed to the faithful execution of his office, whose duty it shall be to prosecute in such district all delinquents for crimes and offences, cognizable under the authority of the United States, and all civil actions in which the United States shall be concerned, except before the supreme court in the district in which that court shall be holden. And he shall receive as compensation for his services such fees as shall be taxed therefor in the respective courts before which the suits or prosecutions shall be. And there shall also be appointed a meet person, learned in the law, to act as attorney-general for the United States, who shall be sworn or affirmed to a faithful execution of his office; whose duty it shall be to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments, touching any matters that may concern their departments, and shall receive such compensation for his services as shall by law be provided.
Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Representatives
John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate
APPROVED, September the Twenty fourth, 1789.
George Washington, President of the United States
Original
begun and held at the City of New York on Wednesday the fourth of March one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
CHAP. XX.�An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the supreme court of the United States shall consist of a chief justice and five associate justices, any four of whom shall be a quorum, and shall hold annually at the seat of government two sessions, the one commencing the first Monday of February, and the other the first Monday of August. That the associate justices shall have precedence according to the date of their commissions, or when the commissions of two or more of them bear date on the same day, according to their respective ages.
SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the United States shall be, and they hereby are divided into thirteen districts, to be limited and called as follows, to wit: one to consist of that part of the State of Massachusetts which lies easterly of the State of New Hampshire, and to be called Maine District; one to consist of the State of New Hampshire, and to be called New Hampshire District; one to consist of the remaining part of the State of Massachusetts, and to be called Massachusetts district; one to consist of the State of Connecticut, and to be called Connecticut District; one to consist of the State of New York, and to be called New York District; one to consist of the State of New Jersey, and to be called New Jersey District; one to consist of the State of Pennsylvania, and to be called Pennsylvania District; one to consist of the State of Delaware, and to be called Delaware District; one to consist of the State of Maryland, and to be called Maryland District; one to consist of the State of Virginia, except that part called the District of Kentucky, and to be called Virginia District; one to consist of the remaining part of the State of Virginia, and to be called Kentucky District; one to consist of the State of South Carolina, and to be called South Carolina District; and one to consist of the State of Georgia, and to be called Georgia District.
SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That there be a court called a District Court, in each of the afore mentioned districts, to consist of one judge, who shall reside in the district for which he is appointed, and shall be called a District Judge, and shall hold annually four sessions, the first of which to commence as follows, to wit: in the districts of New York and of New Jersey on the first, in the district of Pennsylvania on the second, in the district of Connecticut on the third, and in the district of Delaware on the fourth, Tuesdays of November next; in the districts of Massachusetts, of Maine, and of Maryland, on the first, in the district of Georgia on the second, and in the districts of New Hampshire, of Virginia, and of Kentucky, on the third Tuesdays of December next; and the other three sessions progressively in the respective districts on the like Tuesdays of every third calendar month afterwards, and in the district of South Carolina, on the third Monday in March and September, the first Monday in July, and the second Monday in December of each and every year, commencing in December next; and that the District Judge shall have power to hold special courts at his discretion. That the stated District Court shall be held at the places following, to wit: in the district of Maine, at Portland and Pownalsborough alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of New Hampshire, at Exeter and Portsmouth alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Massachusetts, at Boston and Salem alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Connecticut, alternately at Hartford and New Haven, beginning at the first; in the district of New York, at New York; in the district of New Jersey, alternately at New Brunswick and Burlington, beginning at the first; in the district of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia and York Town alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Delaware, alternately at Newcastle and Dover, beginning at the first; in the district of Maryland, alternately at Baltimore and Easton, beginning at the first; in the district of Virginia, alternately at Richmond and Williamsburgh, beginning at the first; in the district of Kentucky, at Harrodsburgh; in the district of South Carolina, at Charleston; and in the district of Georgia, alternately at Savannah and Augusta, beginning at the first; and that the special courts shall be held at the same place in each district as the stated courts, or in districts that have two, at either of them, in the discretion of the judge, or at such other place in the district, as the nature of the business and his discretion shall direct. And that in the districts that have but one place for holding the District Court, the records thereof shall be kept at that place; and in districts that have two, at that place in each district which the judge shall appoint.
SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That the before mentioned districts, except those of Maine and Kentucky, shall be divided into three circuits, and be called the eastern, the middle, and the southern circuit. That the eastern circuit shall consist of the districts of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York; that the middle circuit shall consist of the districts of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia; and that the southern circuit shall consist of the districts of South Carolina and Georgia, and that there shall be held annually in each district of said circuits, two courts, which shall be called Circuit Courts, and shall consist of any two justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judge of such districts, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum: Provided, That no district judge shall give a vote in any case of appeal or error from his own decision; but may assign the reasons of such his decision.
SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That the first session of the said circuit court in the several districts shall commence at the times following, to wit: in New Jersey on the second, in New York on the fourth, in Pennsylvania on the eleventh, in Connecticut on the twenty-second, and in Delaware on the twenty-seventh, days of April next; in Massachusetts on the third, in Maryland on the seventh, in South Carolina on the twelfth, in New Hampshire on the twentieth, in Virginia on the twenty-second, and in Georgia on the twenty-eighth, days of May next, and the subsequent sessions in the respective districts on the like days of every sixth calendar month afterwards, except in South Carolina, where the session of the said court shall commence on the first, and in Georgia where it shall commence on the seventeenth day of October, and except when any of those days shall happen on a Sunday, and then the session shall commence on the next day following. And the sessions of the said circuit court shall be held in the district of New Hampshire, at Portsmouth and Exeter alternately, beginning at the first; in the district of Massachusetts, at Boston; in the district of Connecticut, alternately at Hartford and New Haven, beginning at the last; in the district of New York, alternately at New York and Albany, beginning at the first; in the district of New Jersey, at Trenton; in the district of Pennsylvania, alternately at Philadelphia and Yorktown, beginning at the first; in the district of Delaware, alternately at New Castle and Dover, beginning at the first; in the district of Maryland, alternately at Annapolis and Easton, beginning at the first; in the district of Virginia, alternately at Charlottesville and Williamsburgh, beginning at the first; in the district of South Carolina, alternately at Columbia and Charleston, beginning at the first; and in the district of Georgia, alternately at Savannah and Augusta, beginning at the first. And the circuit courts shall have power to hold special sessions for the trial of criminal causes at any other time at their discretion, or at the discretion of the Supreme Court.
SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That the Supreme Court may, by any one or more of its justices being present, be adjourned from day to day until a quorum be convened; and that a circuit court may also be adjourned from day to day by any one of its judges, or if none are present, by the marshal of the district until a quorum be convened; and that a district court, in case of the inability of the judge to attend at the commencement of a session, may by virtue of a written order from the said judge, directed to the marshal of the district, be adjourned by the said marshal to such day, antecedent to the next stated session of the said court, as in the said order shall be appointed; and in case of the death of the said judge, and his vacancy not being supplied, all process, pleadings and proceedings of what nature soever, pending before the said court, shall be continued of course until the next stated session after the appointment and acceptance of the office by his successor.
SEC. 7. And be it [further] enacted, That the Supreme Court, and the district courts shall have power to appoint clerks for their respective courts, and that the clerk for each district court shall be clerk also of the circuit court in such district, and each of the said clerks shall, before he enters upon the execution of his office, take the following oath or affirmation, to wit: "I, A. B., being appointed clerk of , do solemnly swear, or affirm, that I will truly and faithfully enter and record all the orders, decrees, judgments and proceedings of the said court, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties of my said office, according to the best of my abilities and understanding. So help me God." Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath. And the said clerks shall also severally give bond, with sufficient sureties, (to be approved of by the Supreme and district courts respectively) to the United States, in the sum of two thousand dollars, faithfully to discharge the duties of his office, and seasonably to record the decrees, judgments and determinations of the court of which he is clerk.
SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That the justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judges, before they proceed to execute the duties of their respective offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation, to wit: "I, A. B., do solemnly swear or affirm, that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as , according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to the constitution, and laws of the United States. So help me God."
SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That the district courts shall have, exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all crimes and offences that shall be cognizable under the authority of the United States, committed within their respective districts, or upon the high seas; where no other punishment than whipping, not exceeding thirty stripes, a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or a term of imprisonment not exceeding six months, is to be inflicted; and shall also have exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures under laws of impost, navigation or trade of the United States, where the seizures are made, on waters which are navigable from the sea by vessels of ten or more tons burthen, within their respective districts as well as upon the high seas; saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it; and shall also have exclusive original cognizance of all seizures on land, or other waters than as aforesaid, made, and of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred, under the laws of the United States. And shall also have cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, or the circuit courts, as the case may be, of all causes where an alien sues for a tort only in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States. And shall also have cognizance, concurrent as last mentioned, of all suits at common law where the United States sue, and the matter in dispute amounts, exclusive of costs, to the sum or value of one hundred dollars. And shall also have jurisdiction exclusively of the courts of the several States, of all suits against consuls or vice-consuls, except for offences above the description aforesaid. And the trial of issues in fact, in the district courts, in all causes except civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, shall be by jury.
SEC. 10. And be it further enacted, That the district court in Kentucky district shall, besides the jurisdiction aforesaid, have jurisdiction of all other causes, except of appeals and writs of error, hereinafter made cognizable in a circuit court, and shall proceed therein in the same manner as a circuit court, and writs of error and appeals shall lie from decisions therein to the Supreme Court in the same causes, as from a circuit court to the Supreme Court, and under the same regulations. And the district court in Maine district shall, besides the jurisdiction herein before granted, have jurisdiction of all causes, except of appeals and writs of error herein after made cognizable in a circuit court, and shall proceed therein in the same manner as a circuit court: And writs of error shall lie from decisions therein to the circuit court in the district of Massachusetts in the same manner as from other district courts to their respective circuit courts.
SEC. 11. And be it further enacted, That the circuit courts shall have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, of all suits of a civil nature at common law or in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, the sum or value of five hundred dollars, and the United States are plaintiffs, or petitioners; or an alien is a party, or the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought, and a citizen of another State. And shall have exclusive cognizance of all crimes and offences cognizable under the authority of the United States, except where this act otherwise provides, or the laws of the United States shall otherwise direct, and concurrent jurisdiction with the district courts of the crimes and offences cognizable therein. But no person shall be arrested in one district for trial in another, in any civil action before a circuit or district court. And no civil suit shall be brought before either of said courts against an inhabitant of the United States, by any original process in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, or in which he shall be found at the time of serving the writ, nor shall any district or circuit court have cognizance of any suit to recover the contents of any promissory note or other chose in action in favour of an assignee, unless a suit might have been prosecuted in such court to recover the said contents if no assignment had been made, except in cases of foreign bills of exchange. And the circuit courts shall also have appellate jurisdiction from the district courts under the regulations and restrictions herein after provided.
SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That if a suit be commenced in any state court against an alien, or by a citizen of the state in which the suit is brought against a citizen of another state, and the matter in dispute exceeds the aforesaid sum or value of five hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, to be made to appear to the satisfaction of the court; and the defendant shall, at the time of entering his appearance in such state court, file a petition for the removal of the cause for trial into the next circuit court, to be held in the district where the suit is pending, or if in the district of Maine to the district court next to be holden therein, or if in Kentucky district to the district court next to be holden therein, and offer good and sufficient surety for his entering in such court, on the first day of its session, copies of said process against him, and also for his there appearing and entering special bail in the cause, if special bail was originally requisite therein, it shall then be the duty of the state court to accept the surety, and proceed no further in the cause, and any bail that may have been originally taken shall be discharged, and the said copies being entered as aforesaid, in such court of the United States, the cause shall there proceed in the same manner as if it had been brought there by original process. And any attachment of the goods or estate of the defendant by the original process, shall hold the goods or estate so attached, to answer the final judgment in the same manner as by the laws of such state they would have been holden to answer final judgment, had it been rendered by the court in which the suit commenced. And if in any action commenced in a state court, the title of land be concerned, and the parties are citizens of the same state, and the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of five hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, the sum or value being made to appear to the satisfaction of the court, either party, before the trial, shall state to the court and make affidavit if they require it, that he claims and shall rely upon a right or title to the land, under a grant from a state other than that in which the suit is pending, and produce the original grant or an exemplification of it, except where the loss of public records shall put it out of his power, and shall move that the adverse party inform the court, whether he claims a right or title to the land under a grant from the state in which the suit is pending; the said adverse [party] shall give such information, or otherwise not be allowed to plead such grant, or give it in evidence upon the trial, and if he informs that he does claim under such grant, the party claiming under the grant first mentioned may then, on motion, remove the cause for trial to the next circuit court to be holden in such district, or if in the district of Maine, to the court next to be holden therein; or if in Kentucky district, to the district court next to be holden therein; but if he is the defendant, shall do it under the same regulations as in the before-mentioned case of the removal of a cause into such court by an alien; and neither party removing the cause, shall be allowed to plead or give evidence of any other title than that by him stated as aforesaid, as the ground of his claim; and the trial of issues in fact in the circuit courts shall, in all suits, except those of equity, and of admiralty, and maritime jurisdiction, be by jury.
SEC. 13. And be it further enacted, That the Supreme Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies of a civil nature, where a state is a party, except between a state and its citizens; and except also between a state and citizens of other states, or aliens, in which latter case it shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction. And shall have exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits or proceedings against ambassadors, or other public ministers, or their domestics, or domestic servants, as a court of law can have or exercise consistently with the law of nations; and original, but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by ambassadors, or other public ministers, or in which a consul, or vice consul, shall be a party. And the trial of issues in fact in the Supreme Court, in all actions at law against citizens of the United States, shall be by jury. The Supreme Court shall also have appellate jurisdiction from the circuit courts and courts of the several states, in the cases herein after specially provided for; and shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts, when proceeding as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and writs of mandamus, in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States.
SEC. 14. And be it further enacted, That all the before-mentioned courts of the United States, shall have power to issue writs of scire facias, habeas corpus, and all other writs not specially provided for by statute, which may be necessary for the exercise of their respective jurisdictions, and agreeable to the principles and usages of law. And that either of the justices of the supreme court, as well as judges of the district courts, shall have power to grant writs of habeas corpus for the purpose of an inquiry into the cause of commitment.��Provided, That writs of habeas corpus shall in no case extend to prisoners in gaol, unless where they are in custody, under or by colour of the authority of the United States, or are committed for trial before some court of the same, or are necessary to be brought into court to testify.
SEC. 15. And be it further enacted, That all the said courts of the United States, shall have power in the trial of actions at law, on motion and due notice thereof being given, to require the parties to produce books or writings in their possession or power, which contain evidence pertinent to the issue, in cases and under circumstances where they might be compelled to produce the same by the ordinary rules of proceeding in chancery; and if a plaintiff shall fail to comply with such order, to produce books or writings, it shall be lawful for the courts respectively, on motion, to give the like judgment for the defendant as in cases of nonsuit; and if a defendant shall fail to comply with such order, to produce books or writings, it shall be lawful for the courts respectively on motion as aforesaid, to give judgment against him or her by default.
SEC. 16. And be it further enacted, That suits in equity shall not be sustained in either of the courts of the United States, in any case where plain, adequate and complete remedy may be had at law.
SEC. 17. And be it further enacted, That all the said courts of the United States shall have power to grant new trials, in cases where there has been a trial by jury for reasons for which new trials have usually been granted in the courts of law; and shall have power to impose and administer all necessary oaths or affirmations, and to punish by fine or imprisonment, at the discretion of said courts, all contempts of authority in any cause or hearing before the same; and to make and establish all necessary rules for the orderly conducting business in the said courts, provided such rules are not repugnant to the laws of the United States.
SEC. 18. And be it further enacted, That when in a circuit court, judgment upon a verdict in a civil action shall be entered, execution may on motion of either party, at the discretion of the court, and on such conditions for the security of the adverse party as they may judge proper, be stayed forty-two days from the time of entering judgment, to give time to file in the clerk�s office of said court, a petition for a new trial. And if such petition be there filed within said term of forty-two days, with a certificate thereon from either of the judges of such court, that he allows the same to be filed, which certificate he may make or refuse at his discretion, execution shall of course be further stayed to the next session of said court. And if a new trial be granted, the former judgment shall be thereby rendered void.
SEC . 19. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of circuit courts, in causes in equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, to cause the facts on which they found their sentence or decree, fully to appear upon the record either from the pleadings and decree itself, or a state of the case agreed by the parties, or their counsel, or if they disagree by a stating of the case by the court.
SEC. 20. And be it further enacted, That where in a circuit court, a plaintiff in an action, originally brought there, or a petitioner in equity, other than the United States, recovers less than the sum or value of five hundred dollars, or a libellant, upon his own appeal, less than the sum or value of three hundred dollars, he shall not be allowed, but at the discretion of the court, may be adjudged to pay costs.
SEC. 21. And be it further enacted, That from final decrees in a district court in causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of three hundred dollars, exclusive of costs, an appeal shall be allowed to the next circuit court, to be held in such district. Provided nevertheless, That all such appeals from final decrees as aforesaid, from the district court of Maine, shall be made to the circuit court, next to be holden after each appeal in the district of Massachusetts.
SEC. 22. And be it further enacted, That final decrees and judgments in civil actions in a district court, where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of fifty dollars, exclusive of costs, may be reexamined, and reversed or affirmed in a circuit court, holden in the same district, upon a writ of error, whereto shall be annexed and returned therewith at the day and place therein mentioned, an authenticated transcript of the record, an assignment of errors, and prayer for reversal, with a citation to the adverse party, signed by the judge of such district court, or a justice of the Supreme Court, the adverse party having at least twenty days� notice. And upon a like process, may final judgments and decrees in civil actions, and suits in equity in a circuit court, brought there by original process, or removed there from courts of the several States, or removed there by appeal from a district court where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of two thousand dollars, exclusive of costs, be re-examined and reversed or affirmed in the Supreme Court, the citation being in such case signed by a judge of such circuit court, or justice of the Supreme Court, and the adverse party having at least thirty days� notice. But there shall be no reversal in either court on such writ of error for error in ruling any plea in abatement, other than a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, or such plea to a petition or bill in equity, as is in the nature of a demurrer, or for any error in fact. And writs of error shall not be brought but within five years after rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or in case the person entitled to such writ of error be an infant, feme covert, non compos mentis, or imprisoned, then within five years as aforesaid, exclusive of the time of such disability. And every justice or judge signing a citation on any writ of error as aforesaid, shall take good and sufficient security, that the plaintiff in error shall prosecute his writ to effect, and answer all damages and costs if he fail to make his plea good.
SEC. 23. And be it further enacted, That a writ of error as aforesaid shall be a supersedeas and stay execution in cases only where the writ of error is served, by a copy thereof being lodged for the adverse party in the clerk�s office where the record remains, within ten days, Sundays exclusive, after rendering the judgment or passing the decree complained of. Until the expiration of which term of ten days, executions shall not issue in any case where a writ of error may be a supersedeas; and whereupon such writ of error the Supreme or a circuit court shall affirm a judgment or decree, they shall adjudge or decree to the respondent in error just damages for his delay, and single or double costs at their discretion.
SEC. 24. And be it further enacted, That when a judgment or decree shall be reversed in a circuit court, such court shall proceed to render such judgment or pass such decree as the district court should have rendered or passed; and the Supreme Court shall do the same on reversals therein, except where the reversal is in favour of the plaintiff, or petitioner in the original suit, and the damages to be assessed, or matter to be decreed, are uncertain, in which case they shall remand the cause for a final decision. And the Supreme Court shall not issue execution in causes that are removed before them by writs of error, but shall send a special mandate to the circuit court to award execution thereupon.
SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That a final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or an authority exercised under the United States, and the decision is against their validity; or where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under any State, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties or laws of the United States, and the decision is in favour of such their validity, or where is drawn in question the construction of any clause of the constitution, or of a treaty, or statute of, or commission held under the United States, and the decision is against the title, right, privilege or exemption specially set up or claimed by either party, under such clause of the said Constitution, treaty, statute or commission, may be re-examined and reversed or affirmed in the Supreme Court of the United States upon a writ of error, the citation being signed by the chief justice, or judge or chancellor of the court rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or by a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the same manner and under the same regulations, and the writ shall have the same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a circuit court, and the proceeding upon the reversal shall also be the same, except that the Supreme Court, instead of remanding the cause for a final decision as before provided, may at their discretion, if the cause shall have been once remanded before, proceed to a final decision of the same, and award execution. But no other error shall be assigned or regarded as a ground of reversal in any such case as aforesaid, than such as appears on the face of the record, and immediately respects the before mentioned questions of validity or construction of the said constitution, treaties, statutes, commissions, or authorities in dispute.
SEC. 26. And be it further enacted, That in all causes brought before either of the courts of the United States to recover the forfeiture annexed to any articles of agreement, covenant, bond, or other speciality, where the forfeiture, breach or non-performance shall appear, by the default or confession of the defendant, or upon demurrer, the court before whom the action is, shall render judgment therein for the plaintiff to recover so much as is due according to equity. And when the sum for which judgment should be rendered is uncertain, the same shall, if either of the parties request it, be assessed by a jury.
SEC. 27. And be it further enacted, That a marshal shall be appointed in and for each district for the term of four years, but shall be removable from office at pleasure, whose duty it shall be to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein, and also the Supreme Court in the District in which that court shall sit. And to execute throughout the district, all lawful precepts directed to him, and issued under the authority of the United States, and he shall have power to command all necessary assistance in the execution of his duty, and to appoint as there shall be occasion, one or more deputies, who shall be removable from office by the judge of the district court, or the circuit court sitting within the district, at the pleasure of either; and before he enters on the duties of his office, he shall become bound for the faithful performance of the same, by himself and by his deputies before the judge of the district court to the United States, jointly and severally, with two good and sufficient sureties, inhabitants and freeholders of such district, to be approved by the district judge, in the sum of twenty thousand dollars, and shall take before said judge, as shall also his deputies, before they enter on the duties of their appointment, the following oath of office: "I, A. B., do solemnly swear or affirm, that I will faithfully execute all lawful precepts directed to the marshal of the district of
under the authority of the United States, and true returns make, and in all things well and truly, and without malice or partiality, perform the duties of the office of marshal (or marshal�s deputy, as the case may be) of the district of , during my continuance in said office, and take only my lawful fees. So help me God."
SEC. 28. And be it further enacted, That in all causes wherein the marshal or his deputy shall be a party, the writs and precepts therein shall be directed to such disinterested person as the court, or any justice or judge thereof may appoint, and the person so appointed, is hereby authorized to execute and return the same. And in case of the death of any marshal, his deputy or deputies shall continue in office, unless otherwise specially removed; and shall execute the same in the name of the deceased, until another marshal shall be appointed and sworn: And the defaults or misfeasances in office of such deputy or deputies in the mean time, as well as before, shall be adjudged a breach of the condition of the bond given, as before directed, by the marshal who appointed them; and the executor or administrator of the deceased marshal shall have like remedy for the defaults and misfeasances in office of such deputy or deputies during such interval, as they would be entitled to if the marshal had continued in life and in the exercise of his said office, until his successor was appointed, and sworn or affirmed: And every marshal or his deputy when removed from office, or when the term for which the marshal is appointed shall expire, shall have power notwithstanding to execute all such precepts as may be in their hands respectively at the time of such removal or expiration of office; and the marshal shall be held answerable for the delivery to his successor of all prisoners which may be in his custody at the time of his removal, or when the term for which he is appointed shall expire, and for that purpose may retain such prisoners in his custody until his successor shall be appointed and qualified as the law directs.
SEC. 29. And be it further enacted, That in cases punishable with death, the trial shall be had in the county where the offence was committed, or where that cannot be done without great inconvenience, twelve petit jurors at least shall be summoned from thence. And jurors in all cases to serve in the courts of the United States shall be designated by lot or otherwise in each State respectively according to the mode of forming juries therein now practised, so far as the laws of the same shall render such designation practicable by the courts or marshals of the United States; and the jurors shall have the same qualifications as are requisite for jurors by the laws of the State of which they are citizens, to serve in the highest courts of law of such State, and shall be returned as there shall be occasion for them, from such parts of the district from time to time as the court shall direct, so as shall be most favourable to an impartial trial, and so as not to incur an unnecessary expense, or unduly to burthen the citizens of any part of the district with such services. And writs of venire facias when directed by the court shall issue from the clerk�s office, and shall be served and returned by the marshal in his proper person, or by his deputy, or in case the marshal or his deputy is not an indifferent person, or is interested in the event of the cause, by such fit person as the court shall specially appoint for that purpose, to whom they shall administer an oath or affirmation that he will truly and impartially serve and return such writ. And when from challenges or otherwise there shall not be a jury to determine any civil or criminal cause, the marshal or his deputy shall, by order of the court where such defect of jurors shall happen, return jurymen de talibus circumstantibus sufficient to complete the pannel; and when the marshal or his deputy are disqualified as aforesaid, jurors may be returned by such disinterested person as the court shall appoint.
SEC. 30. And be it further enacted, That the mode of proof by oral testimony and examination of witnesses in open court shall be the same in all the courts of the United States, as well in the trial of causes in equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, as of actions at common law. And when the testimony of any person shall be necessary in any civil cause depending in any district in any court of the United States, who shall live at a greater distance from the place of trial than one hundred miles, or is bound on a voyage to sea, or is about to go out of the United States, or out of such district, and to a greater distance from the place of trial than as aforesaid, before the time of trial, or is ancient or very infirm, the deposition of such person may be taken de bene esse before any justice or judge of any of the courts of the United States, or before any chancellor, justice or judge of a supreme or superior court, mayor or chief magistrate of a city, or judge of a county court or court of common pleas of any of the United States, not being of counsel or attorney to either of the parties, or interested in the event of the cause, provided that a notification from the magistrate before whom the deposition is to be taken to the adverse party, to be present at the taking of the same, and to put interrogatories, if he think fit, be first made out and served on the adverse party or his attorney as either may be nearest, if either is within one hundred miles of the place of such caption, allowing time for their attendance after notified, not less than at the rate of one day, Sundays exclusive, for every twenty miles travel. And in causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, or other cases of seizure when a libel shall be filed, in which an adverse party is not named, and depositions of persons circumstanced as aforesaid shall be taken before a claim be put in, the like notification as aforesaid shall be given to the person having the agency or possession of the property libelled at the time of the capture or seizure of the same, if known to the libellant. And every person deposing as aforesaid shall be carefully examined and cautioned, and sworn or affirmed to testify the whole truth, and shall subscribe the testimony by him or her given after the same shall be reduced to writing, which shall be done only by the magistrate taking the deposition, or by the deponent in his presence. And the depositions so taken shall be retained by such magistrate until he deliver the same with his own hand into the court for which they are taken, or shall , together with a certificate of the reasons as aforesaid of their being taken, and of the notice if any given to the adverse party, be by him the said magistrate sealed up and directed to such court, and remain under his seal until opened in court. And any person may be compelled to appear and depose as aforesaid in the same manner as to appear and testify in court. And in the trial of any cause of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction in a district court, the decree in which may be appealed from, if either party shall suggest to and satisfy the court that probably it will not be in his power to produce the witnesses there testifying before the circuit court should an appeal be had, and shall move that their testimony be taken down in writing, it shall be so done by the clerk of the court. And if an appeal be had, such testimony may be used on the trial of the same, if it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court which shall try the appeal, that the witnesses are then dead or gone out of the United States, or to a greater distance than as aforesaid from the place where the court is sitting, or that by reason of age, sickness, bodily infirmity or imprisonment, they are unable to travel and appear at court, but not otherwise. And unless the same shall be made to appear on the trial of any cause, with respect to witnesses whose depositions may have been taken therein, such depositions shall not be admitted or used in the cause. Provided, That nothing herein shall be construed to prevent any court of the United States from granting a dedimus potestatem to take depositions according to common usage, when it may be necessary to prevent a failure or delay of justice, which power they shall severally possess, nor to extend to depositions taken in perpetuam rei memoriam, which if they relate to matters that may be cognizable in any court of the United States, a circuit court on application thereto made as a court of equity, may, according to the usages in chancery direct to be taken.
SEC. 31. And be it [further] enacted, That where any suit shall be depending in any court of the United States, and either of the parties shall die before final judgment, the executor or administrator of such deceased party who was plaintiff, petitioner, or defendant, in case the cause of action doth by law survive, shall have full power to prosecute or defend any such suit or action until final judgment; and the defendant or defendants are hereby obliged to answer thereto accordingly; and the court before whom such cause may be depending, is hereby empowered and directed to hear and determine the same, and to render judgment for or against the executor or administrator, as the case may require. And if such executor or administrator having been duly served with a scire facias from the office of the clerk of the court where such suit is depending, twenty days beforehand, shall neglect or refuse to become a party to the suit, the court may render judgment against the estate of the deceased party, in the same manner as if the executor or administrator had voluntarily made himself a party to the suit. And the executor or administrator who shall become a party as aforesaid, shall, upon motion to the court where the suit is depending, be entitled to a continuance of the same until the next term of the said court. And if there be two or more plaintiffs or defendants, and one or more of them shall die, if the cause of action shall survive to the surviving plaintiff or plaintiffs, or against the surviving defendant or defendants, the writ or action shall not be thereby abated; but such death being suggested upon the record, the action shall proceed at the suit of the surviving plaintiff or plaintiffs against the surviving defendant or defendants.
SEC. 32. And be it further enacted, That no summons, writ, declaration, return, process, judgment, or other proceedings in civil causes in any of the courts of the United States, shall be abated, arrested, quashed or reversed, for any defect or want of form, but the said courts respectively shall proceed and give judgment according as the right of the cause and matter in law shall appear unto them, without regarding any imperfections, defects, or want of form in such writ, declaration, or other pleading, return, process, judgment, or course of proceeding whatsoever, except those only in cases of demurrer, which the party demurring shall specially sit down and express together with his demurrer as the cause thereof. And the said courts respectively shall and may, by virtue of this act, from time to time, amend all and every such imperfections, defects and wants of form, other than those only which the party demurring shall express as aforesaid, and may at any time permit either of the parties to amend any defect in the process or pleadings, upon such conditions as the said courts respectively shall in their discretion, and by their rules prescribe.
SEC. 33. And be it further enacted, That for any crime or offence against the United States, the offender may, by any justice or judge of the United States, or by any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United States where he may be found agreeably to the usual mode of process against offenders in such state, and at the expense of the United States, be arrested, and imprisoned or bailed, as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States as by this act has cognizance of the offence. And copies of the process shall be returned as speedily as may be into the clerk�s office of such court, together with the recognizances of the witnesses for their appearance to testify in the case; which recognizances the magistrate before whom the examination shall be, may require on pain of imprisonment. And if such commitment of the offender, or the witnesses shall be in a district other than that in which the offence is to be tried, it shall be the duty of the judge of that district where the delinquent is imprisoned, seasonably to issue, and of the marshal of the same district to execute, a warrant for the removal of the offender, and the witnesses, or either of them, as the case may be, to the district in which the trial is to be had. And upon all arrests in criminal cases, bail shall be admitted, except where the punishment may be death, in which cases it shall not be admitted but by the supreme or a circuit court, or by a justice of the supreme court, or a judge of a district court, who shall exercise their discretion therein, regarding the nature and circumstances of the offence, and of the evidence, and the usages of law. And if a person committed by a justice of the supreme or a judge of a district court for an offence not punishable with death, shall afterwards procure bail, and there be no judge of the United States in the district to take the same, it may be taken by any judge of the supreme or superior court of law of such state.
SEC. 34. And be it further enacted, That the laws of the several states, except where the constitution, treaties or statutes of the United States shall otherwise require or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law in the courts of the United States in cases where they apply.
SEC. 35. And be it further enacted, That in all courts of the United States, the parties may plead and manage their own causes personally or by assistance of such counsel or attorneys at law as by the rules of the said courts respectively shall be permitted to manage and conduct causes therein. And there shall be appointed in each district a meet person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States in such district, who shall be sworn or affirmed to the faithful execution of his office, whose duty it shall be to prosecute in such district all delinquents for crimes and offences, cognizable under the authority of the United States, and all civil actions in which the United States shall be concerned, except before the supreme court in the district in which that court shall be holden. And he shall receive as compensation for his services such fees as shall be taxed therefor in the respective courts before which the suits or prosecutions shall be. And there shall also be appointed a meet person, learned in the law, to act as attorney-general for the United States, who shall be sworn or affirmed to a faithful execution of his office; whose duty it shall be to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments, touching any matters that may concern their departments, and shall receive such compensation for his services as shall by law be provided.
Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Representatives
John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate
APPROVED, September the Twenty fourth, 1789.
George Washington, President of the United States
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario